When Your "Keyboard" Is A 'Guitar' It Is Difficult To 'Gently" Weep

I look at you all, see the love there that's sleeping
While my guitar gently weeps
I look at the floor and I see it needs sweeping
Still my guitar gently weeps

I don't know why nobody told you how to unfold your love
I don't know how someone controlled you
They bought and sold you

I look at the world and I notice it's turning
While my guitar gently weeps
With every mistake we must surely be learning
Still my guitar gently weeps

I don't know how you were diverted
You were perverted too
I don't know how you were inverted
No-one alerted you

I look at you all, see the love there that's sleeping
While my guitar gently weeps
Look at you all......
Still my guitar gently weeps

I look at you all, see the love there that's sleeping
While my guitar gently weeps
I look at the floor and I see it needs sweeping
Still my guitar gently weeps

I don't know why nobody told you how to unfold your love
I don't know how someone controlled you
They bought and sold you

I look at the world and I notice it's turning
While my guitar gently weeps
With every mistake we must surely be learning
Still my guitar gently weeps

I don't know how you were diverted
You were perverted too
I don't know how you were inverted
No-one alerted you

I look at you all, see the love there that's sleeping
While my guitar gently weeps
Look at you all......
Still my guitar gently weeps

(Beatles, emphasis added).

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Genetic Constants In DNA and RNA - 7

Fig. 1 The Law Applies To RNA

Chargaff's Rule can easily be applied to RNA (see the mRNA example in the video below).

In this series what has been and still is being explored is genetic rules or constants related to DNA and RNA sequences.

This is not the first time in history such tests have been suggested for DNA, but it might be the first for the RNA hypothesis:

In the RNA of any species and any organism, the amount of guanine ['G'] should be equal to the amount of cytosine ['C'] and the amount of adenine ['A'] should be equal to the amount of uracil ['U'].

(See Fig. 2 and Genetic Constants In DNA and RNA - 6). In like manner, in several Dredd Blog series we have delved into the constants of atoms in DNA and RNA genomes:

On The Origin Of A Genetic Constant, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. 15

On The Origin Of Another Genetic Constant, 2, 3, 4, 5

It's In The GenBank, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

The point of it all in one sense is that with this in mind a DNA or RNA sequence can be tested quite easily for accuracy.

Fig. 2 The Law Applies To DNA

These tests should primarily be utilized by researchers and scientists prior to submitting them to public databases such as GenBank:

"You've read or heard the phrase "don't blame the victim" I suppose.

So, let's not blame GenBank for what researchers put in it ..."

(It's In The GenBank - 9). So, keep that in mind when considering (Ten common issues with reference sequence databases and how to mitigate them).

The previous post in this series is here.

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Notice carefully that the relevant thymine ('T') becomes converted into an equal number of relevant uracil ('U') components during the DNA->mRNA phase:

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Genetic Constants In DNA and RNA - 6

Fig. 1 Chargaff's Rule

In this series what has been and still is being explored is genetic rules or constants related to DNA and RNA sequences.

This is not the first time in history such tests have been suggested: 

"Chargaff's rules (given by Erwin Chargaff) state that in the DNA of any species and any organism, the amount of guanine ['G'] should be equal to the amount of cytosine ['C'] and the amount of adenine ['A'] should be equal to the amount of thymine ['T']. Further, a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of purine and pyrimidine bases (i.e., A+G=T+C) should exist. This pattern is found in both strands of the DNA. They were discovered by Austrian-born chemist Erwin Chargaff in the late 1940s."

(Wikipedia; cf Chargaff). In like manner, in several Dredd Blog series we have delved into the constants of atoms in DNA and RNA genomes:

Genetic Constants In DNA and RNA, 2, 3, 4, 5

On The Origin Of A Genetic Constant, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. 15

On The Origin Of Another Genetic Constant, 2, 3, 4, 5

It's In The GenBank, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

The point of it all in one sense is that with this in mind a DNA or RNA sequence can be tested quite easily for accuracy. 

These tests should primarily be utilized by researchers and scientists prior to submitting them to public databases such as GenBank:

"You've read or heard the phrase "don't blame the victim" I suppose.

So, let's not blame GenBank for what researchers put in it ..."

(It's In The GenBank - 9). So, keep that in mind when considering (Ten common issues with reference sequence databases and how to mitigate them).

The next post in this series is here, the previous post in this series is here.

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It's In The GenBank - 9

All quiet on the western front

You've read or heard the phrase "don't blame the victim" I suppose.

So, let's not blame GenBank for what researchers put in it (It's In The GenBank, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8). 

But, is there an exception in the case of Tmesipteris oblanceolata (U30836.1)?

That organism was mentioned here on Dredd Blog in "It's In The GenBank - 8" about a year ago on June 1, 2024.

That June 1st post featured a Nature paper that had been published on 31 May 2024, which indicated that for only $32.99 you could read about "Biggest genome ever found belongs to this odd little plant".

Wikipedia indicates this about Tmesipteris oblanceolata:

"On 31 May 2024, Tmesipteris oblanceolata was reported to have been found to contain the largest known eukaryotic genome, with 160 billion base pairs, by comparison more than 50 times larger than the human genome."

(Wikipedia). Today's appendices (Fasta, Gbff) contain the FASTA and the GBFF sequences that were and are in GenBank concerning Tmesipteris oblanceolata.

I placed the FASTA version in a text editor and did searches, which resulted in the following results:

t_count = 343
a_count = 321

c_count = 225
g_count = 297

t-a count = 83
a-t count = 102

c-g count = 33
g-c count = 48

As was stated in a related series one can get a look and feel for the accuracy of hundreds DNA sequences with simple-to-operate and well known software like a word processor or text editor (Genetic Constants In DNA and RNA, 2, 3, 4, 5).

IMO the main fault with inaccurate DNA sequences lies with those who collect and process the samples, not with the curators at GenBank and other public databases. 

The previous post in this series is here. 

GBFF Appendix

This is an appendix to: It's In The GenBank - 9

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LOCUS TOU30836 1206 bp DNA linear PLN 13-AUG-1995
DEFINITION Tmesipteris oblanceolata ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL) gene, chloroplast gene
encoding chloroplast protein, partial cds.
ACCESSION U30836
VERSION U30836.1
KEYWORDS .
SOURCE chloroplast Tmesipteris oblanceolata
ORGANISM Tmesipteris oblanceolata

Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Polypodiopsida; Ophioglossidae; Psilotales; Psilotaceae;
Tmesipteris.
REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 1206)
AUTHORS Hasebe,M., Wolf,P.G., Pryer,K.M., Ueda,K., Ito,M., Sano,R.,
Gastony,G.J., Yokoyama,J., Manhart,J.R., Murakami,N., Crane,E.H.,
Haufler,C.H. and Hauk,W.D.
TITLE A global analysis of fern phylogeny based on rbcL nucleotide
sequences
JOURNAL Am. Fern J. 85 (1995) In press
REFERENCE 2 (bases 1 to 1206)
AUTHORS Hasebe,M.
TITLE Direct Submission
JOURNAL Submitted (03-JUL-1995) Mitsuyasu Hasebe, Botanical Gardens,
University of Tokyo, 3-7-1 Hakusan, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112, Japan
FEATURES Location/Qualifiers
source 1..1206
/organism="Tmesipteris oblanceolata"
/organelle="plastid:chloroplast"
/mol_type="genomic DNA"
/db_xref="taxon:39587"
gene 1..1206
/gene="rbcL"
CDS <1 ..="">1206
/gene="rbcL"
/codon_start=1
/product="ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
large subunit"
/protein_id="AAA74281.1"
/translation="YTPTYETSDTDILAAFRVTPQPGVPPEEIGAAVAAESSTGTWTT
VWTDGLTSLDRYKGRCYGLEPVAGEENQYIAYVAYPLDLFEEGSVTNMFTSIVGNVFG
FKALRALRLEDLRIPPAYSKTFMGPPHGIQVERDKLNKYGRPLLGCTIKPKLGLSAKN
YGRAVYECLRGGLDFTKDDENVNSQPFMRWRDRFLFVAEAIFKSQAETGEIKGHYLNA
TAGTCEEMMKRAVFARELGVPIIMHDYLTGGFTANTSLAHYCRDNGLLLHIHRAMHAV
LDRQRNHGIHFRVLAKALRMSGGDHVHAGTVVGKLEGEREVTLGFVDLLRDDYIEKDR
SRGVYFTQDWVSMPGVLPVASGGIHVWHMPALTEIFGDDSVLQFGGGTLGHPWGNAPG
AVANRVALEA"
ORIGIN
tatacccccacttatgaaaccagtgatactgatatcctagcagcatttcgagtcactcct
caacctggagtgccacccgaggaaataggagctgcagtagcagctgagtcttccactggt
acgtggaccactgtatggactgatggactaaccagcctcgatcgttacaagggtcgatgt
tatggtctcgaacctgttgctggggaagaaaatcaatatattgcctatgtagcatatcca
ttggatctatttgaggaagggtctgttactaacatgttcacttccattgtagggaatgta
tttggattcaaagcattgagagctttacgtctggaagacttacgaattcctcctgcttat
tcaaagaccttcatgggtccacctcacggtatccaagttgaaagagataaattgaacaaa
tatggtcgtcctttattgggatgtaccattaagccaaaattagggttatctgctaaaaac
tacggtagagctgtttatgaatgtcttcgtggtggacttgattttactaaagatgatgag
aatgtaaattctcaaccatttatgcgttggagagatcgtttcttatttgtagcagaagct
attttcaaatctcaagctgaaacaggtgagattaagggacattatttgaatgccactgcg
ggtacttgtgaagaaatgatgaaaagagcagtcttcgctcgagaattgggagtccctatt
attatgcacgactatttgacaggaggatttactgcaaatactagtctggctcactattgc
cgagataatggtctacttcttcatattcaccgtgcaatgcatgctgttcttgatagacaa
agaaatcatggtatccacttccgtgtattggctaaagcattacgtatgtccggtggagat
catgttcatgctggtactgtagtaggtaagctcgaaggggaacgagaagtaactctggga
tttgttgatttacttcgtgatgattatattgagaaggaccggagccgcggtgtctatttc
actcaagattgggtatctatgccaggtgtactgcctgtagcttcggggggtattcatgtt
tggcacatgccggctttaactgagatctttggggatgattctgtattacagttcggtgga
ggaaccttgggccatccttggggaaatgcaccaggtgcagtggctaatcgagttgctttg
gaagct
//

FASTA Appendix

This is an appendix to: It's In The GenBank - 9

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>U30836.1 Tmesipteris oblanceolata ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL) gene, chloroplast gene encoding chloroplast protein, partial cds

TATACCCCCACTTATGAAACCAGTGATACTGATATCCTAGCAGCATTTCGAGTCACTCCTCAACCTGGAG
TGCCACCCGAGGAAATAGGAGCTGCAGTAGCAGCTGAGTCTTCCACTGGTACGTGGACCACTGTATGGAC
TGATGGACTAACCAGCCTCGATCGTTACAAGGGTCGATGTTATGGTCTCGAACCTGTTGCTGGGGAAGAA
AATCAATATATTGCCTATGTAGCATATCCATTGGATCTATTTGAGGAAGGGTCTGTTACTAACATGTTCA
CTTCCATTGTAGGGAATGTATTTGGATTCAAAGCATTGAGAGCTTTACGTCTGGAAGACTTACGAATTCC
TCCTGCTTATTCAAAGACCTTCATGGGTCCACCTCACGGTATCCAAGTTGAAAGAGATAAATTGAACAAA
TATGGTCGTCCTTTATTGGGATGTACCATTAAGCCAAAATTAGGGTTATCTGCTAAAAACTACGGTAGAG
CTGTTTATGAATGTCTTCGTGGTGGACTTGATTTTACTAAAGATGATGAGAATGTAAATTCTCAACCATT
TATGCGTTGGAGAGATCGTTTCTTATTTGTAGCAGAAGCTATTTTCAAATCTCAAGCTGAAACAGGTGAG
ATTAAGGGACATTATTTGAATGCCACTGCGGGTACTTGTGAAGAAATGATGAAAAGAGCAGTCTTCGCTC
GAGAATTGGGAGTCCCTATTATTATGCACGACTATTTGACAGGAGGATTTACTGCAAATACTAGTCTGGC
TCACTATTGCCGAGATAATGGTCTACTTCTTCATATTCACCGTGCAATGCATGCTGTTCTTGATAGACAA
AGAAATCATGGTATCCACTTCCGTGTATTGGCTAAAGCATTACGTATGTCCGGTGGAGATCATGTTCATG
CTGGTACTGTAGTAGGTAAGCTCGAAGGGGAACGAGAAGTAACTCTGGGATTTGTTGATTTACTTCGTGA
TGATTATATTGAGAAGGACCGGAGCCGCGGTGTCTATTTCACTCAAGATTGGGTATCTATGCCAGGTGTA
CTGCCTGTAGCTTCGGGGGGTATTCATGTTTGGCACATGCCGGCTTTAACTGAGATCTTTGGGGATGATT
CTGTATTACAGTTCGGTGGAGGAACCTTGGGCCATCCTTGGGGAAATGCACCAGGTGCAGTGGCTAATCG
AGTTGCTTTGGAAGCT

When You Are Governed By Psychopaths - 11

Photo By Unsplash

I [sorta] hid the psychopathy involved with "global warming induced climate change" in a recent post:

"Closing Comments

When they remove the "psychopath" designation from government medical designation lists, you are being governed by psychopaths (Exceptional American Propaganda Inspired NAZI Goebbels).

But, surprise renaming for nefarious purposes is nothing new, in fact satellites talk in millimeters because "feet" is too scary; see today's appendices (Sea Ports, Sea Level Fall, Sea Level Rise);

And most importantly, if you live in a democracy, if you are governed by psychopaths, "you" voted them in to office."

(When You Are Governed By Psychopaths - 10). Did you see the "Sea Ports, Sea Level Fall, and Sea Level Rise" links snuggled in the text of that quote above?

But an article at the Tom Dispatch site did no such thing:

"Yes, he’s done quite a job so far and, in a way, it couldn’t be simpler to describe. Somehow he’s managed to take the greatest looming threat to humanity and put it (excuse the all-too-appropriate image) on the back burner. I’m thinking, of course, about climate change.

My guess is that you haven’t read much about it recently, despite the fact that a significant part of this country, including the city I live in, set new heat records for June. And Europe followed suit soon after with a heat hell all its own in which, at one point, the temperature in part of Spain hit an all-time record 114.8 degrees Fahrenheit. And oh yes, part of Portugal hit 115.9 degrees as both countries recorded their hottest June ever.

And why am I not surprised by all this? Well, because whether you’re in the United States or Europe (or so many other places on this planet) these days, if you’ve been paying any attention at all, you’ve noticed that June is indeed the new July, and that, thanks to the ever increasing amounts of greenhouse gases that continue to flow into the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels, heat waves have grown more frequent and more intense. After all, we’re now on a planet where, without a doubt, heat is at an all-time-record high. After all, 2024, was the hottest year in history and the last 10 years, the hottest decade ever known. Worse yet, in the age of Donald Trump, this is clearly just the beginning, not the end (though somewhere down the line, of course, it could indeed prove to be exactly that)." 

(Donald Trump’s Greatest “Triumph, emphasis added). As Tom, in that quote indicates, the mainstream media is one of three on the list that is bringing doomsday midnight into "the light of day":

"On 20 January 2022, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists set their infamous Doomsday Clock at 100 seconds to midnight for the third year running. Their accompanying report — entitled ‘At Doom’s Doorstep’ — identified three key factors which brought humanity “the closest it has ever been to civilisation-ending apocalypse.

Two of these factors are unlikely to surprise many readers: namely, climate change and the growing threat of nuclear war. The third might be a little surprising: 'a corrupted information ecosphere that undermines rational decision-making'. Though some media outlets do deal with the concentration of media influence, this is rarely seen as an existential threat."

 (Dredd Blog , Humble Oil-Qaeda - 3). A corrupted information ecosphere is another way of saying mainstream mass media.

The previous post in this series is here.

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Genetic Constants In DNA and RNA - 5

Fig. 1 DNA Base Pairs

DNA genetic sequences such as FASTA or GBFF do not show nucleotides in the way DNA graphics do (Fig. 1).  

Instead, they are just a list of individual nucleotides with no exclusive Base pair lineup:

"TAAATACTGGCAAGGGATGATATGG
AACGTGCCTTTATTGGGTGTAGTGA
TAGGCGGAGCTTTATGGGCTTTGTT
CGCAGGTGTACTGGGTTGGCTTAT"

(Alteromonas macleodii first 100 nucleotides, Base pairs emphasized). In the graphs the bonds are emphasized, but not in the sequences.

In the previous post a new test was added to the list of tests to perform on a DNA sequence so as to get a look and feel for its accuracy.

This additional test, like the previous ones, involves simple arithmetic too.

In this case that arithmetic is subtraction.

All you have do is compare the a_count to the t_count or the c_count to the g_count.

Next subtract the smaller value from the larger value to derive the difference.

If there is no difference that is as it should be because in the "Base pair" nomenclature the count must be the same according to Fig. 1 , dictionaries, etc. ("The total nuclear DNA in a single human cell is about three billion base pairs long" - link).:

pair: 

[1]: two corresponding things designed for use together [e.g.] a pair of shoes
[2]: two corresponding bodily parts or members [e.g.] a pair of hands
[3]: something made up of two corresponding pieces [e.g. a Base pair]

(Dictionary). "Base pair" in this case means an "A-T" or "T-A" pairing, or a "C-G" or "G-C" pairing.

In all cases the a_count must equal the t_count and the c_count must match the g_count or the sequence is flawed (or there are other canonical constructs, in addition to base pairs, but without Base pair bonding/binding). 

See the examples of actual genomes in the appendices analyzing homo sapien DNA wher the individual nucleotides are counted (Ancient Egypt, Ancient Eurasia, Modern Human, Miscellaneous Organisms).

Why the sequences are in different arrangements is not a subject of this series, but may be considered here.

The next post in this series is here, the previous post in this series is here. 

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APNDX CHROMO

This is an appendix to: Genetic Constants In DNA and RNA - 5

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Description of the following HTML table values:

Columns
Atom Count: sum of carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen and oxygen atoms
atom Percent: atom count ÷ atom count total
DNA const: percent of atoms in a perfect sequence
variation from Const: difference between atom percent and DNA const
atom count variation: approximate atom count difference
error percent: rounded variation from const
Plus 'N' uncert: change in error percent (error Percent × 'N' uncertainty)


Totals Columns
Atom Count Total: sum of carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen and oxygen atoms
atom Percent total: sum of carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen and oxygen atom percents
DNA const total: sum of carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen and oxygen atom consts
variation from Const: difference between carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen and oxygen atom percent and DNA consts
atom count variation: sum of carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen and oxygen atom count variation
error percent: atom count variation total ÷ atom count total
Plus 'N' uncert: error percent total × 'N' uncertainty

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Link: NC_000001.11
Organism: Human chromosome 1

Nucleotide Count: 248,956,422

'A' count: 67,070,277
'C' count: 48,055,043
'G' count: 48,111,528
'T' count: 67,244,164
'N' count: 18,475,408
'N' uncertainty: 0.07421
'AT' uncertainty: 173,887
'CG' uncertainty: 56,485

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	1,104,350,017	32.3930726	32.2033898	0.1896828	209,476,253	18.97	20.38%
hydrogen	1,219,649,224	35.7750580	35.5932203	0.1818377	221,778,214	18.18	19.53%
nitrogen	854,562,482	25.0662418	25.4237288	0.3574870	305,494,976	35.75	38.40%
oxygen	230,654,899	6.7656275	6.7796610	0.0140335	3,236,884	1.40	1.51%
Totals	3,409,216,622	100	100	0.7430410	739,986,327	21.71%	23.32%

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Link: NC_000014.9
Organism: Human chromosome 14

Nucleotide Count: 107,043,718

'A' count: 26,673,415
'C' count: 18,423,758
'G' count: 18,559,033
'T' count: 26,911,943
'N' count: 16,475,569
'N' uncertainty: 0.15391
'AT' uncertainty: 238,528
'CG' uncertainty: 135,275

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	434,416,987	32.4135239	32.2033898	0.2101341	91,285,805	21.01	24.25%
hydrogen	479,752,688	35.7961951	35.5932203	0.2029748	97,377,682	20.30	23.42%
nitrogen	335,257,400	25.0148453	25.4237288	0.4088835	137,081,212	40.89	47.18%
oxygen	90,806,677	6.7754358	6.7796610	0.0042252	383,679	0.42	0.49%
Totals	1,340,233,752	100	100	0.8262175	326,128,378	24.33%	28.08%

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Link: NC_000003.12
Organism: Human chromosome 3

Nucleotide Count: 198,295,559

'A' count: 59,689,091
'C' count: 39,233,483
'G' count: 39,344,259
'T' count: 59,833,302
'N' count: 195,417
'N' uncertainty: 0.00099
'AT' uncertainty: 144,211
'CG' uncertainty: 110,776

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	951,267,192	32.4401139	32.2033898	0.2367241	225,187,910	23.67	23.70%
hydrogen	1,050,333,977	35.8184895	35.5932203	0.2252692	236,607,854	22.53	22.55%
nitrogen	732,533,803	24.9808679	25.4237288	0.4428609	324,410,598	44.29	44.33%
oxygen	198,244,346	6.7605287	6.7796610	0.0191323	3,792,866	1.91	1.92%
Totals	2,932,379,318	100	100	0.9239865	789,999,228	26.94%	26.97%

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Link: NC_000019.10
Organism: Human chromosome 19

Nucleotide Count: 58,617,616

'A' count: 15,142,293
'C' count: 13,954,580
'G' count: 14,061,132
'T' count: 15,282,753
'N' count: 176,858
'N' uncertainty: 0.00302
'AT' uncertainty: 140,460
'CG' uncertainty: 106,552

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	278,249,210	32.2509310	32.2033898	0.0475412	13,228,297	4.75	4.77%
hydrogen	307,486,543	35.6397320	35.5932203	0.0465117	14,301,726	4.65	4.67%
nitrogen	218,446,371	25.3193849	25.4237288	0.1043439	22,793,554	10.43	10.47%
oxygen	58,581,218	6.7899521	6.7796610	0.0102911	602,867	1.03	1.03%
Totals	862,763,342	100	100	0.2086880	50,926,444	5.90%	5.92%

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Link: NC_000007.14
Organism: Human chromosome 7

Nucleotide Count: 159,345,973

'A' count: 47,058,248
'C' count: 32,317,984
'G' count: 32,378,859
'T' count: 47,215,040
'N' count: 375,838
'N' uncertainty: 0.00236
'AT' uncertainty: 156,792
'CG' uncertainty: 60,875

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	762,532,671	32.4165429	32.2033898	0.2131531	162,536,198	21.32	21.37%
hydrogen	842,065,695	35.7976252	35.5932203	0.2044049	172,122,313	20.44	20.49%
nitrogen	588,569,567	25.0210795	25.4237288	0.4026493	236,987,098	40.26	40.36%
oxygen	159,126,923	6.7647524	6.7796610	0.0149086	2,372,357	1.49	1.49%
Totals	2,352,294,856	100	100	0.8351158	574,017,966	24.40%	24.46%

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Link: NC_000005.10
Organism: Human chromosome 5

Nucleotide Count: 181,538,259

'A' count: 54,699,094
'C' count: 35,731,600
'G' count: 35,879,674
'T' count: 54,955,010
'N' count: 272,881
'N' uncertainty: 0.00150
'AT' uncertainty: 255,916
'CG' uncertainty: 148,074

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	870,595,290	32.4437734	32.2033898	0.2403836	209,276,868	24.04	24.07%
hydrogen	961,281,900	35.8233183	35.5932203	0.2300980	221,189,037	23.01	23.04%
nitrogen	669,998,660	24.9683004	25.4237288	0.4554284	305,136,413	45.54	45.61%
oxygen	181,521,294	6.7646079	6.7796610	0.0150531	2,732,466	1.51	1.51%
Totals	2,683,397,144	100	100	0.9409632	738,334,784	27.51%	27.56%

---

Link: NC_000002.12
Organism: Human chromosome 2

Nucleotide Count: 242,193,529

'A' count: 71,791,213
'C' count: 48,318,180
'G' count: 48,450,903
'T' count: 71,987,932
'N' count: 1,645,292
'N' uncertainty: 0.00679
'AT' uncertainty: 196,719
'CG' uncertainty: 132,723

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	1,154,422,960	32.4272654	32.2033898	0.2238756	258,447,178	22.39	22.54%
hydrogen	1,274,729,072	35.8066146	35.5932203	0.2133943	272,019,881	21.34	21.48%
nitrogen	890,140,984	25.0036936	25.4237288	0.4200352	373,890,554	42.00	42.29%
oxygen	240,744,947	6.7624264	6.7796610	0.0172346	4,149,143	1.72	1.74%
Totals	3,560,037,963	100	100	0.8745397	908,506,756	25.52%	25.69%

---

Link: NC_000004.12
Organism: Human chromosome 4

Nucleotide Count: 190,214,555

'A' count: 58,561,236
'C' count: 36,236,976
'G' count: 36,331,025
'T' count: 58,623,430
'N' count: 461,888
'N' uncertainty: 0.00243
'AT' uncertainty: 62,194
'CG' uncertainty: 94,049

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	912,526,359	32.4725480	32.2033898	0.2691582	245,613,959	26.92	26.98%
hydrogen	1,007,386,765	35.8481865	35.5932203	0.2549662	256,849,559	25.50	25.56%
nitrogen	700,419,093	24.9246418	25.4237288	0.4990870	349,570,069	49.91	50.03%
oxygen	189,814,861	6.7546237	6.7796610	0.0250373	4,752,448	2.50	2.51%
Totals	2,810,147,078	100	100	1.0482487	856,786,035	30.49%	30.56%

---

Link: NC_000006.12
Organism: Human chromosome 6

Nucleotide Count: 170,805,979

'A' count: 51,345,477
'C' count: 33,646,690
'G' count: 33,713,330
'T' count: 51,373,025
'N' count: 727,456
'N' uncertainty: 0.00426
'AT' uncertainty: 27,548
'CG' uncertainty: 66,640

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	816,745,920	32.4414776	32.2033898	0.2380878	194,457,243	23.81	23.91%
hydrogen	901,765,635	35.8184950	35.5932203	0.2252747	203,144,984	22.53	22.62%
nitrogen	628,980,155	24.9833456	25.4237288	0.4403832	276,992,273	44.04	44.23%
oxygen	170,106,070	6.7566818	6.7796610	0.0229792	3,908,908	2.30	2.31%
Totals	2,517,597,780	100	100	0.9267249	678,503,408	26.95%	27.07%

---

Link: NC_000021.9
Organism: Human chromosome 21

Nucleotide Count: 46,709,983

'A' count: 11,820,664
'C' count: 8,185,244
'G' count: 8,226,381
'T' count: 11,856,330
'N' count: 6,621,361
'N' uncertainty: 0.14175
'AT' uncertainty: 35,666
'CG' uncertainty: 41,137

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	192,257,851	32.4111016	32.2033898	0.2077118	39,934,233	20.77	23.72%
hydrogen	212,299,425	35.7897387	35.5932203	0.1965184	41,720,735	19.65	22.44%
nitrogen	148,503,617	25.0349507	25.4237288	0.3887781	57,734,950	38.88	44.39%
oxygen	40,124,285	6.7642090	6.7796610	0.0154520	620,001	1.55	1.76%
Totals	593,185,178	100	100	0.8084603	140,009,919	23.60%	26.95%

---

Link: NC_000011.10
Organism: Human chromosome 11

Nucleotide Count: 135,086,622

'A' count: 39,286,730
'C' count: 27,903,257
'G' count: 27,981,801
'T' count: 39,361,954
'N' count: 552,880
'N' uncertainty: 0.00409
'AT' uncertainty: 75,224
'CG' uncertainty: 78,544

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	644,765,453	32.3973205	32.2033898	0.1939307	125,039,841	19.39	19.47%
hydrogen	712,030,664	35.7771738	35.5932203	0.1839535	130,980,515	18.40	18.47%
nitrogen	498,776,334	25.0618526	25.4237288	0.3618762	180,495,264	36.19	36.34%
oxygen	134,608,966	6.7636530	6.7796610	0.0160080	2,154,814	1.60	1.61%
Totals	1,990,181,417	100	100	0.7557683	438,670,434	22.04%	22.13%

---

Link: NC_000016.10
Organism: Human chromosome 16

Nucleotide Count: 90,338,345

'A' count: 22,558,319
'C' count: 18,172,742
'G' count: 18,299,976
'T' count: 22,774,906
'N' count: 8,532,401
'N' uncertainty: 0.09445
'AT' uncertainty: 216,587
'CG' uncertainty: 127,234

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	390,856,973	32.3277805	32.2033898	0.1243907	48,618,968	12.44	13.61%
hydrogen	431,804,621	35.7145605	35.5932203	0.1213402	52,395,251	12.13	13.28%
nitrogen	304,359,513	25.1735755	25.4237288	0.2501533	76,136,531	25.02	27.38%
oxygen	82,022,530	6.7840835	6.7796610	0.0044225	362,745	0.44	0.48%
Totals	1,209,043,637	100	100	0.5003067	177,513,495	14.68%	16.07%

---

Link: NC_000012.12
Organism: Human chromosome 12

Nucleotide Count: 133,275,309

'A' count: 39,370,109
'C' count: 27,092,804
'G' count: 27,182,678
'T' count: 39,492,225
'N' count: 137,490
'N' uncertainty: 0.00103
'AT' uncertainty: 122,116
'CG' uncertainty: 89,874

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	638,596,276	32.4149964	32.2033898	0.2116066	135,131,213	21.16	21.18%
hydrogen	705,181,305	35.7948368	35.5932203	0.2016165	142,176,200	20.16	20.18%
nitrogen	493,026,797	25.0259240	25.4237288	0.3978048	196,128,425	39.78	39.82%
oxygen	133,259,932	6.7642427	6.7796610	0.0154183	2,054,636	1.54	1.54%
Totals	1,970,064,310	100	100	0.8264462	475,490,474	24.14%	24.16%

---

Link: NC_000010.11
Organism: Human chromosome 10

Nucleotide Count: 133,797,422

'A' count: 38,875,926
'C' count: 27,639,505
'G' count: 27,719,976
'T' count: 39,027,555
'N' count: 534,424
'N' uncertainty: 0.00399
'AT' uncertainty: 151,629
'CG' uncertainty: 80,471

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	638,675,305	32.3972830	32.2033898	0.1938932	123,834,773	19.39	19.47%
hydrogen	705,342,365	35.7790195	35.5932203	0.1857992	131,052,038	18.58	18.65%
nitrogen	493,953,135	25.0561425	25.4237288	0.3675863	181,570,381	36.76	36.91%
oxygen	133,414,591	6.7675550	6.7796610	0.0121060	1,615,116	1.21	1.22%
Totals	1,971,385,396	100	100	0.7593846	438,072,308	22.22%	22.31%

---

Link: NC_000023.11
Organism: Human chromosome X

Nucleotide Count: 156,040,895

'A' count: 46,754,807
'C' count: 30,523,780
'G' count: 30,697,741
'T' count: 46,916,701
'N' count: 1,147,861
'N' uncertainty: 0.00736
'AT' uncertainty: 161,894
'CG' uncertainty: 173,961

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	743,941,365	32.4433740	32.2033898	0.2399842	178,534,167	24.00	24.17%
hydrogen	821,381,846	35.8205628	35.5932203	0.2273425	186,735,041	22.73	22.90%
nitrogen	572,667,482	24.9740990	25.4237288	0.4496298	257,488,371	44.96	45.29%
oxygen	155,054,923	6.7619642	6.7796610	0.0176968	2,743,980	1.77	1.78%
Totals	2,293,045,616	100	100	0.9346534	625,501,559	27.28%	27.48%

---

Link: NC_000009.12
Organism: Human chromosome 9

Nucleotide Count: 138,394,717

'A' count: 35,736,329
'C' count: 25,099,811
'G' count: 25,170,662
'T' count: 35,783,748
'N' count: 16,604,164
'N' uncertainty: 0.11998
'AT' uncertainty: 47,419
'CG' uncertainty: 70,851

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	583,852,939	32.4033438	32.2033898	0.1999540	116,743,713	20.00	22.39%
hydrogen	644,736,498	35.7823297	35.5932203	0.1891094	121,925,761	18.91	21.18%
nitrogen	451,401,884	25.0524224	25.4237288	0.3713064	167,608,424	37.13	41.59%
oxygen	121,837,969	6.7619041	6.7796610	0.0177569	2,163,462	1.78	1.99%
Totals	1,801,829,290	100	100	0.7781267	408,441,360	22.67%	25.39%

---

Link: NC_000018.10
Organism: Human chromosome 18

Nucleotide Count: 80,373,285

'A' count: 24,050,680
'C' count: 15,794,455
'G' count: 16,061,651
'T' count: 24,182,819
'N' count: 283,680
'N' uncertainty: 0.00353
'AT' uncertainty: 132,139
'CG' uncertainty: 267,196

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	384,653,570	32.4378576	32.2033898	0.2344678	90,188,870	23.45	23.53%
hydrogen	424,630,844	35.8091434	35.5932203	0.2159231	91,687,604	21.59	21.67%
nitrogen	296,310,658	24.9878948	25.4237288	0.4358340	129,142,271	43.58	43.74%
oxygen	80,221,744	6.7651043	6.7796610	0.0145567	1,167,766	1.46	1.46%
Totals	1,185,816,816	100	100	0.9007817	312,186,511	26.33%	26.42%

---

Link: NC_000024.10
Organism: Human chromosome Y

Nucleotide Count: 57,227,415

'A' count: 7,886,192
'C' count: 5,285,789
'G' count: 5,286,894
'T' count: 7,956,168
'N' count: 30,812,367
'N' uncertainty: 0.53842
'AT' uncertainty: 69,976
'CG' uncertainty: 1,105

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	126,789,426	32.4318602	32.2033898	0.2284704	28,967,632	22.85	35.15%
hydrogen	140,031,383	35.8190614	35.5932203	0.2258411	31,624,846	22.58	34.74%
nitrogen	97,635,133	24.9743933	25.4237288	0.4493355	43,870,935	44.93	69.13%
oxygen	26,485,019	6.7746851	6.7796610	0.0049759	131,787	0.50	0.77%
Totals	390,940,961	100	100	0.9086230	104,595,200	26.75%	41.16%

---

Link: NC_000013.11
Organism: Human chromosome 13

Nucleotide Count: 114,364,328

'A' count: 30,047,611
'C' count: 18,839,192
'G' count: 18,933,605
'T' count: 30,162,717
'N' count: 16,381,200
'N' uncertainty: 0.14324
'AT' uncertainty: 115,106
'CG' uncertainty: 94,413

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	471,076,433	32.4655929	32.2033898	0.2622031	123,517,686	26.22	29.98%
hydrogen	520,078,342	35.8427009	35.5932203	0.2494806	129,749,481	24.95	28.52%
nitrogen	361,749,090	24.9309833	25.4237288	0.4927455	178,250,242	49.27	56.33%
oxygen	98,098,231	6.7607229	6.7796610	0.0189381	1,857,793	1.89	2.17%
Totals	1,451,002,096	100	100	1.0233673	433,375,202	29.87%	34.15%

---

Link: NC_000022.11
Organism: Human chromosome 22

Nucleotide Count: 50,818,468

'A' count: 10,382,214
'C' count: 9,160,652
'G' count: 9,246,186
'T' count: 10,370,725
'N' count: 11,658,686
'N' uncertainty: 0.22942
'AT' uncertainty: 11,489
'CG' uncertainty: 85,534

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	186,638,233	32.2723988	32.2033898	0.0690090	12,879,725	6.90	8.48%
hydrogen	206,169,610	35.6496511	35.5932203	0.0564308	11,634,309	5.64	6.94%
nitrogen	146,365,406	25.3086556	25.4237288	0.1150732	16,842,737	11.51	14.15%
oxygen	39,148,288	6.7692945	6.7796610	0.0103665	405,830	1.04	1.27%
Totals	578,321,537	100	100	0.2508795	41,762,601	7.22%	8.88%

---

Link: NC_000015.10
Organism: Human chromosome 15

Nucleotide Count: 101,991,189

'A' count: 24,508,669
'C' count: 17,752,941
'G' count: 17,825,903
'T' count: 24,553,812
'N' count: 17,349,864
'N' uncertainty: 0.17011
'AT' uncertainty: 45,143
'CG' uncertainty: 72,962

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	405,453,684	32.3860343	32.2033898	0.1826445	74,053,881	18.26	21.37%
hydrogen	447,760,437	35.7653301	35.5932203	0.1721098	77,063,978	17.21	20.14%
nitrogen	314,039,307	25.0842159	25.4237288	0.3395129	106,620,382	33.95	39.73%
oxygen	84,686,468	6.7644196	6.7796610	0.0152414	1,290,738	1.52	1.78%
Totals	1,251,939,896	100	100	0.7095086	259,028,979	20.69%	24.21%

---

Link: NC_000017.11
Organism: Human chromosome 17

Nucleotide Count: 83,257,441

'A' count: 22,639,499
'C' count: 18,723,944
'G' count: 18,851,500
'T' count: 22,705,261
'N' count: 337,225
'N' uncertainty: 0.00405
'AT' uncertainty: 65,762
'CG' uncertainty: 127,556

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	395,877,076	32.3110447	32.2033898	0.1076549	42,618,124	10.77	10.81%
hydrogen	437,306,281	35.6924502	35.5932203	0.0992299	43,393,849	9.92	9.96%
nitrogen	309,037,349	25.2232832	25.4237288	0.2004456	61,945,168	20.04	20.13%
oxygen	82,985,966	6.7732218	6.7796610	0.0064392	534,359	0.64	0.65%
Totals	1,225,206,672	100	100	0.4137695	148,491,500	12.12%	12.17%

---

Link: NC_000008.11
Organism: Human chromosome 8

Nucleotide Count: 145,138,636

'A' count: 43,333,530
'C' count: 29,030,173
'G' count: 29,103,787
'T' count: 43,300,646
'N' count: 370,500
'N' uncertainty: 0.00255
'AT' uncertainty: 32,884
'CG' uncertainty: 73,614

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	694,810,507	32.4289042	32.2033898	0.2255144	156,689,766	22.55	22.61%
hydrogen	767,141,326	35.8048019	35.5932203	0.2115816	162,312,987	21.16	21.21%
nitrogen	535,878,396	25.0110627	25.4237288	0.4126661	221,138,843	41.27	41.37%
oxygen	144,735,252	6.7552312	6.7796610	0.0244298	3,535,852	2.44	2.45%
Totals	2,142,565,481	100	100	0.8741919	543,677,448	25.38%	25.44%

---

Link: NC_000020.11
Organism: Human chromosome 20

Nucleotide Count: 64,444,167

'A' count: 17,867,246
'C' count: 13,916,133
'G' count: 14,094,472
'T' count: 18,066,406
'N' count: 499,910
'N' uncertainty: 0.00776
'AT' uncertainty: 199,160
'CG' uncertainty: 178,339

Atom Type	Atom Count	Atom Percent	DNA Const	Variation From Const	Atom Count Variation	Error Percent	Plus 'N' uncert.
carbon	305,805,152	32.3457502	32.2033898	0.1423604	43,534,543	14.24	14.35%
hydrogen	337,787,691	35.7286207	35.5932203	0.1354004	45,736,576	13.54	13.65%
nitrogen	237,689,801	25.1410249	25.4237288	0.2827039	67,195,843	28.27	28.49%
oxygen	64,143,417	6.7846043	6.7796610	0.0049433	317,078	0.49	0.50%
Totals	945,426,061	100	100	0.5654080	156,784,040	16.58%	16.71%

---