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| Atoms make up stuff |
Have you heard that atoms are atomic scientists and even more than that?
The atoms that make up cells, more specifically, the atoms of RNA polymerase and the atoms of ribosomes construct and remodel molecules.
Like the individual workers in a construction crew constructs and remodels houses and other buildings.
Our conversation about these things tends to be constructed out of "group words" like construction crew and RNA polymerase instead of for example "a construction-worker" or a single type of atom:
"... how is the information in a linear sequence of nucleotides in RNA translated into the linear sequence of a chemically quite different set of subunits—the amino acids in proteins?"
"The first step a cell takes in reading out a needed part of its genetic instructions is to copy a particular portion of its DNA nucleotide sequence—a gene—into an RNA nucleotide sequence. The information in RNA, although copied into another chemical form, is still written in essentially the same language as it is in DNA—the language of a nucleotide sequence."
(From DNA to RNA,NIH; From RNA to Protein, NIH). In the video below a polymath university professor says "we don't know" how that came to be.
A well-known physicist says the odds of it happening by chance are 1010123 (worse than zero?; cf Teleological Argument and Entropy).
The analysis in this post also follows an atom as it proceeds from a single entity composed of neutrons, protons, and electrons onward. It becomes a member of a group made of other atoms. The group is then bound together by various forces.
Moving on to genetics, there is a fundamental group of atoms called a nucleotide. One of the atom types they are composed of is 'Carbon' ('C'). In current scientific dogma all carbon atoms were made in large hot stars which formed after the 1010123 probability big bang event.
In DNA there are 'A', 'C', 'G', and 'T' nucleotides. In RNA the 'A', 'C', and 'G' are the sames as in DNA, but there is another one which is a 'U' instead of a 'T'.
When three nucleotides made of many atoms 'bind together' the result is called a codon. A DNA codon can become an mRNA codon / or can be used as a blueprint to make an mRNA codon by changing the 'T' into a 'U' or by the addition of a 'U' it acquires elsewhere. BTW that change requires the atom group to be changed.
For DNA: The atoms in 'A' (Adenine) are Carbon[5], Hydrogen[5], Nitrogen[5], Oxygen[0], Sulfur[0]. The atoms in 'C' (Cytosine) are Carbon[4], Hydrogen[5], Nitrogen[3], Oxygen[1], Sulfur[0]. The atoms in 'G' (Guanine) are Carbon[5], Hydrogen[5], Nitrogen[5], Oxygen[1], Sulfur[0]. The atoms in 'T' (Thymine) are Carbon[5], Hydrogen[6], Nitrogen[2], Oxygen[2], Sulfur[0].
For RNA: The atoms in 'A' are Carbon[5], Hydrogen[5], Nitrogen[5], Oxygen[0], Sulfur[0]. The atoms in 'C' are Carbon[4], Hydrogen[5], itrogen[3], Oxygen[1], Sulfur[0]. The atoms in 'G' are Carbon[5], Hydrogen[5], Nitrogen[5], Oxygen[1], Sulfur[0]. The atoms in 'U' (Uracil) are Carbon[4], Hydrogen[4], Nitrogen[2], Oxygen[2], Sulfur[0].
A detailed layout of all of those atoms and their path to becoming part of amino acids and proteins is featured in the appendices (Appendix QB.7.1, Appendix QB.7.2, Appendix QB.7.3, Appendix QB.7.4, Appendix QB.7.5, Appendix QB.7.6, Appendix QB.7.7, Appendix QB.7.8) of a previous post Quantum Biology - 7.
Little wonder that Dr. Penrose gave the mathematical probability of those things being blasted out of a big bang and thereafter getting together to form large stars which cast out, in more cataclysmic explosions, their "creative" work, new atoms.
Then those star-made atoms got together to form nucleotides, codons, amino acids, and proteins that run your whole show (with ribosome atoms of course).
Since it isn't scientifically probable, the Eugenicists imagined psychons and psychic organs (The Advent Of The Psychons) a la J.B.S. Haldane.
It is plainly more scientific to say "we don't know".
