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Saturday, April 23, 2022

The Ways of Bernays - 3

"But what's puzzling you
Is the nature of my game
"

I. Backdrop

As societies degenerate they begin to suppress writing and speech that challenges the current dogmas.

This eventually develops into tyranny:

"Toynbee wrote volumes about two dozen or so civilizations that we only think about when we are in a history class or a library, however, unlike us he didn't just skim the surface, no, he followed ugly all the way to the bone:

"In other words, a society does not ever die 'from natural causes', but always dies from suicide or murder --- and nearly always from the former, as this chapter has shown."
(A Study of History, by Arnold J. Toynbee). What? Suicide? Murder? ... He was no ordinary historian was he?

That is just the tip of the iceberg, so to speak, as a world famous encyclopedia points out:
"In the Study Toynbee examined the rise and fall of 26 civilizations in the course of human history, and he concluded that they rose by responding successfully to challenges under the leadership of creative minorities composed of elite leaders. Civilizations declined when their leaders stopped responding creatively, and the civilizations then sank owing to the sins of nationalism, militarism, and the tyranny of a despotic minority.
(Encyclopedia Britannica, emphasis added). Previous posts in this series have zeroed in on the question of what "tyranny" and "despotic minority" meant to him."

(How To Identify The Despotic Minority - 14). Unfortunately, this degeneration also impacts educational and scientific realms:

"THE word 'propaganda' is defined in the Oxford Dictionary as "an organized scheme for propagation of a doctrine or practice"; unfortunately it has acquired a bad, and recently an even sinister, meaning. There are few things from which the scientific worker reacts more instinctively than propaganda. Indeed, his wholesome and genuine prejudice against the word has sometimes led to less than justice being done to the work and abilities of those of his colleagues who have undertaken the task of expounding or interpreting to the world the results of scientific work and their significance for human welfare. There are spheres in which the essential task of education is not readily distinguished from propaganda, and propaganda itself has its uses as well as its abuses."

(SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN PROPAGANDA, Nature, 1940). Following perhaps the ways of Bernays ("The Father of [American Propaganda]"), that 1940 article did not even mention Bernays, the originator:

"THE conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country. We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of. This is a logical result of the way in which our democratic society is organized. Vast numbers of human beings must cooperate in this manner if they are to live together as a smoothly functioning society.

Our invisible governors are, in many cases, unaware of the identity of their fellow members in the inner cabinet.

They govern us by their qualities of natural leadership, their ability to supply needed ideas and by their key position in the social structure. Whatever attitude one chooses to take toward this condition, it remains a fact that in almost every act of our daily lives, whether in the sphere of politics or business, in our social conduct or our ethical thinking, we are dominated by the relatively small number of persons — a trifling fraction of our hundred and twenty [now 320] million — who understand the mental processes and social patterns of the masses. It is they who pull the wires which control the public mind, who harness old social forces and contrive new ways to bind and guide the world.
...
It is the purpose of this book to explain the structure of the mechanism which controls the public mind, and to tell how it is manipulated by the special pleader who seeks to create public acceptance for a particular idea or commodity. It will attempt at the same time to find the due place in the modern democratic scheme for this new propaganda and to suggest its gradually evolving code of ethics and practice."

(A Closer Look At MOMCOM's DNA - 4). Bernays had a commercial business with a well-known client, "The War Department"; a client that he convinced to change its name to "The Defense Department".

II. Getting Back To Science

I have recently written about a blogging experience that exemplifies what is being pointed out in this series when I came upon a scientific blog:

"Welcome to Small Things Considered! This blog shares the excitement of unexpected and unusual stories of the microbial world. The main contributors to this blog are listed on your right. But we do not just publish our own content, we have many contributions from students, postdocs, and others. We enjoy this, in part because theirs is a world where scientific communication will increasingly involve social media. And this blog is a social medium. Don’t think that we do this to avoid work. We are dedicated editors who spend a lot of time going over the material we receive. We are eager to hear from you, so send us your comments, criticisms, submissions, ideas, or whatever else comes into your mind. Thank you for visiting."

"Small things" includes atoms, so I posted some quantum biology comments and linked to some Dredd Blog posts in those comments (e.g. Quantum Biology, 2, 3, 4).

I was banned from that "we love itsy bitsy" site (but the record is preserved on Disqus).

III. Closing Comments

We see propaganda at work all across the nations of the world now, increasingly so in the U.S.A. (the home of Bernays).

It is especially problematic in political parties, most notably the Republican Party, but it also impacts what 'science is made of':

"The subtitle of Naomi Oreskes’ new book, “How Military Funding Shaped What We Do and Don’t Know about the Ocean,” makes her thesis clear from the outset: taking money from someone to fund one’s research probably taints the research with the goals and motives of the funder; because tainted research is not believable research, the published results are perhaps not to be trusted. Oreskes’ point of view is presented in the book’s Introduction, which says, “There is empirical evidence to demonstrate that scientists have been overly optimistic about their ability to maintain their intellectual integrity, particularly in cases where the desiderata of their funders are obvious, as with tobacco or pharmaceutical research.”

(Science on a Mission, page 1). It should not be that way in science, because good challenges are a way to better science.

I have provided a video, featuring Dr. Naomi Oreskes, to further illustrate a certain point which I call The Pillars of Knowledge: Faith and Trust?.

The previous post in this series is here.



Friday, April 22, 2022

Quantum Biology - 7

Where da atoms at?
I. Background

Today's post adds atomic data to the tables of the previous post in this series (Quantum Biology - 6).

As in that previous post, the tables are in appendices with the only difference in the new appendices is that a column "AA (formula)" has been added (Appendix QB.7.1, Appendix QB.7.2, Appendix QB.7.3, Appendix QB.7.4, Appendix QB.7.5, Appendix QB.7.6, Appendix QB.7.7, Appendix QB.7.8).

That additional column is the molecular formula for the relevant amino acid (which was not provided in the previous tables).

II. Why Add That Column?

The numbers of atoms in codons did not match each other even though the amino acid they were said to "code for" was the same.

Adding the amino acid formulas does not solve the problem with the nomenclature used by aberrant microbiologists.

I added it to further enforce my argument that the dolls they are playing with do not tell a verifiable story.

III. It Boils Down To Atoms (Not Codons)

The word salad they use to smooth over the atomic mismatches is "polymerase" which is a goo that seals off questions (Central dogma, Scientific Method in Propaganda).

The only valid discussion however is what happens at the atom level, just below the molecule level:

"A complex mechanism is involved by which information flows from DNA to RNA and become enzymes and other proteins. The image was still rather schematic, though. The way a molecule functions cannot be known unless the structure of the molecule is first known.

...

"The ribosome is one of the most complicated protein/RNA complexes. It consists of hundreds of thousands of atoms. She [Ada Yonath] wanted to establish the exact location of each and every one of these atoms in the ribosome. Many scientists thought this was very difficult task. And it was indeed one. 

...

"A property of the ribosome, that has fascinated scientists for a long time, is that it seldom makes any errors when it translates DNA/RNA-language into protein language.

If an amino acid is incorrectly incorporated, the protein can entirely lose its function, or perhaps even worse, begin to function differently. For the correct amino acid to be selected depends primarily on the base pairs formed between tRNA and mRNA.

However, this pairing process is not sufficient to explain the ribosome’s precision. Dr. Ramakrishnan’s crystal structures of the ribosome’s small subunit have been crucial for the understanding of how the ribosome achieves its precision. He identified something that could be described as a molecular ruler.

Nucleotides in the small sub-unit’s rRNA measure the distance between the codon in mRNA and the anticodon in tRNA. If the distance is incorrect, the tRNA molecule falls off the ribosome. Using the ruler twice, the ribosome double-checks that everything is correct. This ensures that errors only occur about once per 1,00,000 amino acids."

(Mapping the ribosome at the atomic level, emphasis added). Thus, the exact number of atoms in codons, amino acids, and ribosomes is where "the rubber meets the road."

"Arguably, the ribosome is the most extraordinary of all the molecular machines that mediate the processes of living systems. This will become self- evident as we proceed" (The Ribosome Is a Molecular Machine, emphasis added).

IV. It Boils Down To The Atoms of Machines

Dredd Blog has, for years, pointed out the "greatest-ignored-issue", which is that the physical universe is mostly machine in nature: (The Uncertain Gene, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; Putting A Face On Machine Mutation, 2, 3, 4; The Machine Religion, 2, 3; The New Paradigm: The Physical Universe Is Mostly Machine; Did Abiotic Intelligence Precede Biotic Intelligence?; If Cosmology Is "Off," How Can Biology Be "On?"), et cetera.

V. Closing Comments

The "playing with dolls" biology crowd needs to explain how the atoms got together because "they realized that they needed" a robosome to replicate stuff (On the Origin of the Genes of Viruses, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17).

I hope that breaks it down.

The next post in this series is here, the previous post in this series is here.


Oh, yeah, and now a word from the polymerase real goo goo dolls.




Appendix QB.7.8

This is an appendix to: Quantum Biology - 7



Codons, Amino Acids and Chemical Formulas
Arranged By Order-of-appearance
In The Nucleotides of
Chromosome: 22

Codon Amino Acid
('AA')
AA
Abbr.
AA
Ltr
AA
(formula)
Codon[1]
(formula)
Codon[2]
(formula)
Codon[3]
(formula)
Total Atoms
In Codons
AUG Methionine MET M C5H11N1O2S1 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C14H14N12O3
UAU Tyrosine TYR Y C9H11N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C13H13N9O4
AGC Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C4H5N3O1 C14H15N13O2
CAC Histidine HIS H C6H9N3O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C13H15N11O2
UCU Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C12H13N7O5
CUU Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C12H13N7O5
UUG Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C13H13N9O5
UAC Tyrosine TYR Y C9H11N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C13H14N10O3
UUA Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C13H13N9O4
CUA Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C13H14N10O3
AGA Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C15H15N15O1
CAU Histidine HIS H C6H9N3O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C13H14N10O3
AGU Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C4H4N2O2 C14H14N12O3
AAC Asparagine ASN N C4H8N2O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C14H15N13O1
UGA Z_Stop STP Z --- C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C14H14N12O3
UCA Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C13H14N10O3
AAU Asparagine ASN N C4H8N2O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C14H14N12O2
CUG Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C13H14N10O4
CUC Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C12H14N8O4
AGG Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5O1 C15H15N15O2
CGG Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5O1 C14H15N13O3
CGU Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C4H4N2O2 C13H14N10O4
UCC Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H5N3O1 C12H14N8O4
UCG Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C13H14N10O4
UAG Z_Stop STP Z --- C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C14H14N12O3
CGA Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C14H15N13O2
CGC Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C4H5N3O1 C13H15N11O3

Codons, Amino Acids and Chemical Formulas
Arranged By Order-of-appearance
In The Nucleotides of
Escherichia coli

Codon Amino Acid
('AA')
AA
Abbr.
AA
Ltr
AA
(formula)
Codon[1]
(formula)
Codon[2]
(formula)
Codon[3]
(formula)
Total Atoms
In Codons
AUG Methionine MET M C5H11N1O2S1 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C14H14N12O3
UCG Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C13H14N10O4
AAU Asparagine ASN N C4H8N2O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C14H14N12O2
UCU Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C12H13N7O5
UAU Tyrosine TYR Y C9H11N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C13H13N9O4
UCC Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H5N3O1 C12H14N8O4
AGU Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C4H4N2O2 C14H14N12O3
CUG Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C13H14N10O4
AGG Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5O1 C15H15N15O2
CGG Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5O1 C14H15N13O3
CAC Histidine HIS H C6H9N3O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C13H15N11O2
CGA Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C14H15N13O2
CGU Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C4H4N2O2 C13H14N10O4
UUG Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C13H13N9O5
AGC Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C4H5N3O1 C14H15N13O2
CGC Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C4H5N3O1 C13H15N11O3
CAU Histidine HIS H C6H9N3O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C13H14N10O3
UUA Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C13H13N9O4
UAG Z_Stop STP Z --- C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C14H14N12O3
AAC Asparagine ASN N C4H8N2O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C14H15N13O1
UGA Z_Stop STP Z --- C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C14H14N12O3
CUC Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C12H14N8O4
AGA Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C15H15N15O1
UCA Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C13H14N10O3
UAC Tyrosine TYR Y C9H11N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C13H14N10O3
CUU Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C12H13N7O5
CUA Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C13H14N10O3

Codons, Amino Acids and Chemical Formulas
Arranged By Order-of-appearance
In The Nucleotides of
Phage_T4

Codon Amino Acid
('AA')
AA
Abbr.
AA
Ltr
AA
(formula)
Codon[1]
(formula)
Codon[2]
(formula)
Codon[3]
(formula)
Total Atoms
In Codons
AUG Methionine MET M C5H11N1O2S1 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C14H14N12O3
UUG Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C13H13N9O5
CGA Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C14H15N13O2
CGU Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C4H4N2O2 C13H14N10O4
UCA Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C13H14N10O3
AAC Asparagine ASN N C4H8N2O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C14H15N13O1
AAU Asparagine ASN N C4H8N2O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C14H14N12O2
UCU Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C12H13N7O5
UUA Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C13H13N9O4
UCC Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H5N3O1 C12H14N8O4
UGA Z_Stop STP Z --- C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C14H14N12O3
UAU Tyrosine TYR Y C9H11N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C13H13N9O4
UCG Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C13H14N10O4
AGC Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C4H5N3O1 C14H15N13O2
CAC Histidine HIS H C6H9N3O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C13H15N11O2
CUU Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C12H13N7O5
CGC Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C4H5N3O1 C13H15N11O3
CUA Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C13H14N10O3
CUG Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C13H14N10O4
UAG Z_Stop STP Z --- C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C14H14N12O3
CAU Histidine HIS H C6H9N3O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C13H14N10O3
AGU Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C4H4N2O2 C14H14N12O3
AGA Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C15H15N15O1
CGG Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5O1 C14H15N13O3
CUC Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C12H14N8O4
UAC Tyrosine TYR Y C9H11N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C13H14N10O3

Appendix QB.7.7

This is an appendix to: Quantum Biology - 7



Codons, Amino Acids and Chemical Formulas
Arranged By Order-of-appearance
In The Nucleotides of
Chromosome: 19

Codon Amino Acid
('AA')
AA
Abbr.
AA
Ltr
AA
(formula)
Codon[1]
(formula)
Codon[2]
(formula)
Codon[3]
(formula)
Total Atoms
In Codons
AUG Methionine MET M C5H11N1O2S1 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C14H14N12O3
AGA Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C15H15N15O1
UGA Z_Stop STP Z --- C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C14H14N12O3
CGG Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5O1 C14H15N13O3
CUG Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C13H14N10O4
CUC Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C12H14N8O4
UAU Tyrosine TYR Y C9H11N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C13H13N9O4
UCA Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C13H14N10O3
AGU Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C4H4N2O2 C14H14N12O3
UAG Z_Stop STP Z --- C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C14H14N12O3
AAU Asparagine ASN N C4H8N2O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C14H14N12O2
CAU Histidine HIS H C6H9N3O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C13H14N10O3
AGC Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C4H5N3O1 C14H15N13O2
CAC Histidine HIS H C6H9N3O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C13H15N11O2
AGG Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5O1 C15H15N15O2
CUU Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C12H13N7O5
UUG Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C13H13N9O5
CUA Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C13H14N10O3
AAC Asparagine ASN N C4H8N2O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C14H15N13O1
UCC Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H5N3O1 C12H14N8O4
UUA Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C13H13N9O4
UAC Tyrosine TYR Y C9H11N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C13H14N10O3
UCU Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C12H13N7O5
CGA Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C14H15N13O2
UCG Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C13H14N10O4
CGC Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C4H5N3O1 C13H15N11O3
CGU Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C4H4N2O2 C13H14N10O4

Codons, Amino Acids and Chemical Formulas
Arranged By Order-of-appearance
In The Nucleotides of
Chromosome: 20

Codon Amino Acid
('AA')
AA
Abbr.
AA
Ltr
AA
(formula)
Codon[1]
(formula)
Codon[2]
(formula)
Codon[3]
(formula)
Total Atoms
In Codons
AUG Methionine MET M C5H11N1O2S1 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C14H14N12O3
UAU Tyrosine TYR Y C9H11N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C13H13N9O4
UCA Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C13H14N10O3
UAG Z_Stop STP Z --- C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C14H14N12O3
AGA Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C15H15N15O1
AAU Asparagine ASN N C4H8N2O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C14H14N12O2
AGC Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C4H5N3O1 C14H15N13O2
UCC Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H5N3O1 C12H14N8O4
CUA Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C13H14N10O3
UUG Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C13H13N9O5
UCU Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C12H13N7O5
AGU Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C4H4N2O2 C14H14N12O3
AAC Asparagine ASN N C4H8N2O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C14H15N13O1
CGC Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C4H5N3O1 C13H15N11O3
CAU Histidine HIS H C6H9N3O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C13H14N10O3
CUC Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C12H14N8O4
CAC Histidine HIS H C6H9N3O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C13H15N11O2
AGG Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5O1 C15H15N15O2
UUA Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C13H13N9O4
UCG Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C13H14N10O4
CUG Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C13H14N10O4
UGA Z_Stop STP Z --- C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C14H14N12O3
CUU Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C12H13N7O5
CGU Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C4H4N2O2 C13H14N10O4
CGG Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5O1 C14H15N13O3
UAC Tyrosine TYR Y C9H11N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C13H14N10O3
CGA Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C14H15N13O2

Codons, Amino Acids and Chemical Formulas
Arranged By Order-of-appearance
In The Nucleotides of
Chromosome: 21

Codon Amino Acid
('AA')
AA
Abbr.
AA
Ltr
AA
(formula)
Codon[1]
(formula)
Codon[2]
(formula)
Codon[3]
(formula)
Total Atoms
In Codons
AUG Methionine MET M C5H11N1O2S1 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C14H14N12O3
CGG Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5O1 C14H15N13O3
CAC Histidine HIS H C6H9N3O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C13H15N11O2
AGG Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5O1 C15H15N15O2
CGU Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C4H4N2O2 C13H14N10O4
CGA Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C14H15N13O2
UCC Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H5N3O1 C12H14N8O4
UGA Z_Stop STP Z --- C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C14H14N12O3
CAU Histidine HIS H C6H9N3O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C13H14N10O3
CUA Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C13H14N10O3
UAU Tyrosine TYR Y C9H11N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C13H13N9O4
AAU Asparagine ASN N C4H8N2O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5 C4H4N2O2 C14H14N12O2
CUC Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C12H14N8O4
UUG Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C13H13N9O5
AGA Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C5H5N5 C15H15N15O1
CUG Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5O1 C13H14N10O4
AGU Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C4H4N2O2 C14H14N12O3
UAG Z_Stop STP Z --- C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C14H14N12O3
UAC Tyrosine TYR Y C9H11N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C13H14N10O3
CUU Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C12H13N7O5
AGC Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O1 C4H5N3O1 C14H15N13O2
UCA Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5 C13H14N10O3
UCU Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C4H4N2O2 C12H13N7O5
UUA Leucine LEU L C6H13N1O2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O2 C5H5N5 C13H13N9O4
AAC Asparagine ASN N C4H8N2O3 C5H5N5 C5H5N5 C4H5N3O1 C14H15N13O1
UCG Serine SER S C3H7N1O3 C4H4N2O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C13H14N10O4
CGC Arginine ARG R C6H14N4O2 C4H5N3O1 C5H5N5O1 C4H5N3O1 C13H15N11O3