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Saturday, January 21, 2023

In Search Of Ocean Heat - 13

Fig. 1 The Photon Current

In the previous post of this series the ice-melt temperatures related to Ocean Heat Content (OHC) were graphed for the six Regions/Areas along the coast of Antarctica.

Seawater temperatures were likewise detailed on the same graphs  (In Search Of Ocean Heat - 12).

That effort was in response to a couple of scientific papers which were misleading, but I did not delve into all of the most basic reasons for those kinds of misleading papers. 

The most basic reason for the erroneous concepts about OHC is the failure to apply the principles of TEOS-10 in the first place.

OHC in the official international oceanography nomenclature (TEOS-10) is "Potential Enthalpy":

"it is perfectly valid to talk of potential enthalpy, h0, as the 'heat content'

(Potential Enthalpy: A Conservative Oceanic Variable for Evaluating Heat Content and Heat Fluxes, McDougall 2003, pp. 945-46, emphasis added; cf. TEOS-10).

So, today I am presenting improved graphs which are supported by HTML tables that contain the TEOS-10 values which the graphs were generated from. (you can generate your own graphs from that HTML data)

The second basic reason for scientific papers that misrepresent the nature of OHC is the ignoring the application of Quantum Physics to oceanography (Fig. 1, cf. The Ghost Photons, 2, 3).

Anyway, here are links to the appendices containing the update graphs together with the supporting data in HTML tables (Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Indian Ocean, Ross Sea, Weddell Sea, Western Pacific Ocean).

The next post in this series is here, the previous post in this series is here.


RIP David Crosby


Friday, January 20, 2023

Western Pacific

This is an appendix to: In Search Of Ocean Heat - 13



Sector: Western Pacific Ocean

Temperatures (deg. C):
Conservative Temperature (CT)
Ice Melt Boundary (CTf)

Depths:
epipelagic (0-200 m)
mesopelagic (201-1000 m)
bathypelagic (1001-4000 m)

Year Epi-CT Epi-CTf Meso-CT Meso-CTf Bathy-CT Bathy-CTf
1950 -1.02978 -1.8923 0.62643 -2.34148 0.185507 -3.44273
1951 0.224626 -1.88951 1.11392 -2.31046 0.433039 -3.24017
1952 -0.202562 -1.89811 0.676148 -2.31231 0.255293 -3.38838
1953 0.224626 -1.88951 1.11392 -2.31046 0.433039 -3.24017
1954 -0.202562 -1.89811 0.676148 -2.31231 0.255293 -3.38838
1955 -0.416155 -1.90242 0.457262 -2.31323 0.16642 -3.46249
1956 -0.629749 -1.90672 0.238376 -2.31415 0.0775469 -3.53659
1957 -1.15971 -1.89379 -0.380448 -2.35072 0.0729063 -3.24525
1958 -1.22785 -1.91185 -1.47789 -2.19107 0.0409914 -3.22803
1959 -1.40869 -1.92141 0.175065 -2.29077 0.0090766 -3.21081
1960 -1.0859 -1.92627 0.437579 -2.26668 0.123405 -3.15656
1961 -1.48806 -1.92787 -1.56543 -2.32894 -0.545682 -3.04373
1962 -0.162879 -1.8926 1.66386 -2.00435 -0.133678 -3.25262
1963 -0.503396 -1.88514 1.59923 -1.99163 -0.545682 -3.04373
1964 -0.204268 -1.88849 -1.20333 -2.15048 -0.133678 -3.25262
1965 0.344497 -1.88581 -0.917726 -2.10523 0.0723247 -3.35707
1966 -1.04269 -1.91818 -1.04651 -2.33563 0.278327 -3.46151
1967 -0.152414 -1.89575 0.541395 -2.30443 0.11464 -3.43999
1968 0.518537 -1.876 1.73971 -2.2798 0.786218 -3.54323
1969 -0.177138 -1.89575 0.42833 -2.30778 0.167823 -3.39136
1970 -0.580714 -1.90832 0.767398 -2.30198 0.270639 -3.55383
1971 -0.542656 -1.90622 0.966145 -2.29913 0.175348 -3.55641
1972 -0.43299 -1.8977 0.749423 -2.30172 0.253979 -3.07753
1973 0.391444 -1.88003 1.16404 -2.29355 0.252198 -3.06176
1974 0.0295195 -1.89541 1.20313 -2.29203 0.427504 -2.96918
1975 0.381628 -1.89441 1.32888 -2.31166 0.700295 -2.95207
1976 0.733736 -1.89341 1.45463 -2.33129 0.973085 -2.93495
1977 -0.30182 -1.90059 0.881239 -2.30042 0.597095 -3.31675
1978 -0.62625 -1.90438 0.597701 -2.30303 -0.0938748 -3.11482
1979 -0.0884789 -1.89687 0.728577 -2.30376 0.015874 -3.03493
1980 -0.0831133 -1.89411 0.695792 -2.30537 0.207056 -2.7859
1981 0.527145 -1.88156 1.13556 -2.29606 0.406767 -3.55074
1982 -0.277702 -1.88468 1.35723 -2.26831 0.89707 -2.6891
1983 -0.236609 -1.89354 0.994416 -2.29646 0.166214 -3.55429
1984 0.284345 -1.88642 1.31915 -2.29064 0.57472 -3.09381
1985 -0.599245 -1.90565 0.524914 -2.30673 0.156283 -3.24207
1986 -0.0836556 -1.89642 0.949419 -2.29878 0.0408835 -3.05563
1987 -0.128235 -1.89708 0.753363 -2.30114 -0.074516 -2.86918
1988 -0.252608 -1.89977 0.817004 -2.30095 0.120962 -3.24247
1989 -1.12925 -1.91081 0.437483 -2.30832 0.292498 -3.10731
1990 1.21159 -1.86032 1.69805 -2.28004 0.453163 -3.54868
1991 -0.0119996 -1.87015 1.22979 -2.30159 0.281944 -3.6565
1992 0.201629 -1.89178 0.992755 -2.29826 0.479469 -3.10266
1993 0.548014 -1.88246 1.22723 -2.29317 0.359158 -3.38779
1994 -0.044903 -1.89275 1.08633 -2.29556 0.328127 -3.5521
1995 -0.391346 -1.90044 1.08822 -2.29608 0.223559 -3.55439
1996 -0.495534 -1.90263 0.914729 -2.29871 0.163329 -3.55546
1997 0.0454496 -1.88057 -0.210965 -2.31886 -0.50956 -3.25378
1998 0.722881 -1.88248 1.2373 -2.29319 0.565773 -3.11243
1999 1.0967 -1.86247 1.28409 -2.25435 0.734622 -3.24316
2000 -0.404819 -1.90959 0.242626 -2.2938 0.0957482 -3.45964
2001 0.0399127 -1.89197 1.21363 -2.29283 0.182249 -3.39061
2002 0.293063 -1.88454 1.22542 -2.29155 0.30638 -3.55221
2003 -0.0765183 -1.89496 1.05416 -2.29671 0.205824 -3.48017
2004 -0.445809 -1.90143 0.788139 -2.3013 0.252722 -3.38981
2005 -0.257683 -1.89859 1.11435 -2.29374 0.417188 -3.55056
2006 0.230394 -1.88439 1.60816 -2.28445 0.686371 -3.23072
2007 -0.131882 -1.89447 1.09766 -2.29514 0.447422 -3.38554
2008 -0.382979 -1.90375 0.823437 -2.30098 0.227497 -3.55416
2009 -0.380997 -1.90011 1.12078 -2.29441 0.719844 -2.91665
2010 -0.141308 -1.89726 1.26232 -2.29283 0.804822 -2.98796
2011 -0.261463 -1.89628 1.06448 -2.2959 0.406043 -3.55039
2012 -0.178464 -1.89303 1.16999 -2.29231 0.421183 -3.55005
2013 -0.230351 -1.8947 1.15366 -2.2925 0.363967 -3.55044
2014 -0.552484 -1.90443 1.09287 -2.29499 0.456314 -3.38507
2015 -0.42833 -1.90162 0.849861 -2.29993 0.452886 -3.38516
2016 0.10358 -1.88935 1.45204 -2.28777 0.427798 -3.5507
2017 0.0382787 -1.89127 1.21696 -2.2939 0.493485 -3.38214
2018 -0.0303276 -1.89075 1.32818 -2.29162 0.410332 -3.55128
2019 0.195885 -1.8876 1.21691 -2.2934 0.38012 -3.55239
2020 0.0904897 -1.88966 1.27244 -2.29349 0.429131 -3.55076
2021 -0.024713 -1.87855 1.34036 -2.28366 0.410372 -3.54838
2022 -0.159716 -1.89385 0.947571 -2.29886 0.446302 -3.55167

Weddell Sea

This is an appendix to: In Search Of Ocean Heat - 13



 
Sector: Weddell Sea

Temperatures (deg. C):
Conservative Temperature (CT)
Ice Melt Boundary (CTf)

Depths:
epipelagic (0-200 m)
mesopelagic (201-1000 m)
bathypelagic (1001-4000 m)

Year Epi-CT Epi-CTf Meso-CT Meso-CTf Bathy-CT Bathy-CTf
1951 -0.155904 -1.89457 0.0470472 -2.2546 -0.0403999 -3.11706
1952 -0.565387 -1.89447 0.203099 -2.16185 -0.0403999 -3.11706
1953 -0.97487 -1.89437 0.359151 -2.0691 -0.0403999 -3.11706
1954 -0.461653 -1.90872 0.513886 -2.10919 -0.0403999 -3.11706
1955 -0.872732 -1.9135 -0.451007 -2.32553 -0.0403999 -3.11706
1956 -1.16128 -1.92489 -0.0571883 -2.31749 -0.100732 -3.46016
1957 -0.649075 -1.913 -0.0323333 -2.26457 -0.0184204 -3.46567
1958 -1.26071 -1.92971 -0.0366059 -2.32101 0.0149777 -3.39464
1959 -1.45673 -1.93131 -0.596499 -2.33023 -0.0455722 -3.55919
1960 -1.11371 -1.91872 0.237776 -2.31147 -0.0450332 -3.11098
1961 -1.45759 -1.92916 -0.384588 -2.32726 -0.040238 -3.00548
1962 -0.525397 -1.90574 0.608737 -2.30646 0.560865 -3.25959
1963 -0.815666 -1.91115 -0.15336 -2.31867 -0.248016 -3.5628
1964 -0.949806 -1.92026 0.654252 -2.31382 -0.136224 -3.62177
1965 -0.906191 -1.91091 0.0370727 -2.31528 0.10205 -3.25567
1966 -0.917158 -1.91533 -0.338081 -2.32545 -0.25082 -3.56317
1967 -0.358929 -1.89698 0.431362 -2.30787 -0.131363 -3.5613
1968 -0.880225 -1.91665 0.060764 -2.31634 -0.239957 -3.56329
1969 -0.70288 -1.91366 0.107272 -2.31628 -0.126257 -3.56109
1970 -0.9949 -1.90939 -0.171782 -2.31985 0.0299252 -3.39411
1971 -0.782053 -1.91536 0.350308 -2.3097 0.110033 -3.55585
1972 -0.539195 -1.90362 0.466701 -2.3053 -0.0444089 -3.55613
1973 -1.04793 -1.9202 -0.076567 -2.31958 -0.193183 -3.56258
1974 -0.506063 -1.90501 0.327125 -2.31069 -0.0712468 -3.62082
1975 -0.114651 -1.89808 0.364778 -2.30965 -0.150035 -3.56098
1976 -0.412278 -1.90175 -0.0124293 -2.28849 -0.208406 -3.06858
1977 -0.209291 -1.90092 0.101416 -2.31509 -0.212615 -3.56277
1978 -0.673385 -1.90726 0.246406 -2.31087 -0.150025 -3.56105
1979 -0.554852 -1.90349 -0.548788 -2.21753 -1.48739 -2.89783
1980 -0.0644131 -1.90379 0.262966 -2.31327 0.0132666 -3.5586
1981 -0.531408 -1.89396 0.145523 -2.30828 -0.350608 -3.63413
1982 -0.747635 -1.91147 0.0819866 -2.31467 -0.305955 -3.24809
1983 -1.13655 -1.92009 -0.323905 -2.32454 -0.252356 -3.56404
1984 -0.463807 -1.90865 -0.0669318 -2.31997 -0.132989 -3.56072
1985 -0.977984 -1.9185 -0.443382 -2.32738 -0.221127 -3.56354
1986 -1.33259 -1.93052 -0.058573 -2.31775 -0.136805 -3.56086
1987 -0.798376 -1.91561 0.18206 -2.31392 -0.283004 -3.56371
1988 -0.525004 -1.90547 0.381366 -2.3083 0.0426966 -3.55757
1989 -1.24261 -1.92984 -0.0478101 -2.31781 -0.20137 -3.56256
1990 -0.849143 -1.92297 0.113177 -2.31452 -0.267221 -3.56365
1991 -1.32207 -1.91504 -0.132566 -2.31741 -0.200928 -3.56249
1992 -1.24015 -1.92613 0.0645511 -2.31403 -0.134047 -3.56094
1993 -1.17234 -1.92774 0.276727 -2.31226 -0.275242 -3.56385
1994 -1.00689 -1.91959 0.166663 -2.31417 -0.122285 -3.56062
1995 -1.2434 -1.92345 -0.265081 -2.32323 -0.170469 -3.56132
1996 -0.951541 -1.91831 0.233911 -2.31158 -0.19423 -3.5622
1997 -1.28696 -1.9196 0.162134 -2.31359 -0.324597 -3.56382
1998 -0.933453 -1.91652 0.270904 -2.3123 -0.26217 -3.56322
1999 -0.889705 -1.91528 -0.136122 -2.31921 -0.201306 -3.56193
2000 -0.680679 -1.91385 0.0855314 -2.31533 -0.279637 -3.56355
2001 -0.94108 -1.91896 0.215386 -2.31436 -0.31964 -3.56434
2002 -0.554358 -1.90949 0.743408 -2.30223 -0.0437086 -3.55894
2003 -0.623445 -1.91065 0.460283 -2.30844 -0.0587502 -3.55922
2004 -0.0592572 -1.89834 0.688928 -2.30256 0.04501 -3.32919
2005 -0.823473 -1.91578 0.345122 -2.31009 -0.138062 -3.56099
2006 -0.804692 -1.91942 0.507772 -2.30623 0.425917 -3.54707
2007 -0.961889 -1.92274 0.740647 -2.29954 0.288824 -3.27127
2008 -1.11497 -1.92163 0.20982 -2.31295 -0.0666119 -3.55906
2009 -1.09354 -1.92357 0.106767 -2.31582 -0.207806 -3.56116
2010 -0.792989 -1.91539 0.38935 -2.30438 -0.120022 -3.55893
2011 -1.01627 -1.92432 0.137736 -2.31567 -0.178494 -3.44331
2012 -0.811097 -1.91678 0.471129 -2.30826 -0.140527 -3.52885
2013 -0.793992 -1.91575 0.440148 -2.30754 -0.188928 -3.56067
2014 -1.06877 -1.92389 0.271672 -2.31325 -0.123541 -3.56041
2015 -0.781887 -1.91417 0.426093 -2.30941 -0.0977012 -3.56006
2016 -0.649795 -1.9125 0.319601 -2.31118 -0.0501865 -3.44039
2017 -0.816064 -1.91662 0.435822 -2.30838 -0.0449877 -3.55893
2018 -0.838012 -1.91397 0.293765 -2.31202 -0.107581 -3.56067
2019 -0.639605 -1.91187 0.44891 -2.30817 -0.0697475 -3.55929
2020 -0.5271 -1.90147 0.489899 -2.29934 -0.0662294 -3.55829
2021 -0.855228 -1.91119 0.276435 -2.31059 -0.120136 -3.56
2022 -0.594848 -1.9212 0.33161 -2.31872 0.0481836 -3.34043

Ross Sea

This is an appendix to: In Search Of Ocean Heat - 13



 

Sector: Ross Sea

Temperatures (deg. C):
Conservative Temperature (CT)
Ice Melt Boundary (CTf)

Depths:
epipelagic (0-200 m)
mesopelagic (201-1000 m)
bathypelagic (1001-4000 m)

Year Epi-CT Epi-CTf Meso-CT Meso-CTf Bathy-CT Bathy-CTf
1950 0.266843 -1.88177 2.02825 -2.36369 1.87195 -2.66718
1951 -0.877291 -1.90178 1.45528 -2.28604 0.648962 -3.34298
1952 -0.568359 -1.90644 0.6693 -2.27503 0.536973 -3.23901
1953 -0.508094 -1.88908 -0.11668 -2.26403 0.648962 -3.34298
1954 -0.568359 -1.90644 -0.90266 -2.25302 0.536973 -3.23901
1955 -0.508094 -1.88908 -1.68864 -2.24201 0.480978 -3.18703
1956 -0.223458 -1.89981 0.33464 -2.30919 0.424983 -3.13504
1957 -0.788624 -1.91984 -0.530769 -2.33435 0.490514 -3.34219
1958 -0.488952 -1.90971 0.160684 -2.31665 0.556045 -3.54934
1959 -0.841586 -1.91807 -0.595525 -2.33724 0.38755 -3.28471
1960 -1.19718 -1.9269 0.393282 -2.313 0.492748 -3.38652
1961 -1.2795 -1.93314 -0.340081 -2.25641 0.574612 -3.13268
1962 -1.18644 -1.92701 -1.00512 -2.31494 0.656475 -2.87884
1963 -0.631546 -1.91289 -0.678857 -2.33963 0.304327 -2.92576
1964 -0.697539 -1.91504 1.12434 -2.29316 0.653281 -3.54609
1965 -0.625304 -1.90985 0.634009 -2.30889 0.545938 -3.3843
1966 -1.1069 -1.93397 -0.56633 -2.33922 0.28959 -2.90604
1967 -0.395388 -1.90922 0.212982 -2.31813 0.338365 -3.38895
1968 -0.486098 -1.90759 0.757446 -2.30417 0.450959 -3.55118
1969 -0.457428 -1.90457 0.782254 -2.30344 0.551002 -3.38412
1970 -0.306688 -1.90146 0.930179 -2.30044 0.544581 -3.54847
1971 -0.518296 -1.90927 0.602939 -2.30632 0.281002 -3.38968
1972 -0.423298 -1.89995 0.9476 -2.29888 0.307292 -3.55393
1973 0.30331 -1.88453 1.53097 -2.28361 0.58926 -2.95135
1974 -0.0414613 -1.89354 0.722968 -2.30495 0.624156 -3.54668
1975 0.0702092 -1.88553 1.10661 -2.29806 0.68833 -2.73977
1976 -1.09448 -1.92305 -0.153678 -2.32293 0.472814 -2.99643
1977 -0.309567 -1.90161 0.449764 -2.30965 0.419255 -3.26262
1978 -0.231067 -1.90121 -0.17817 -2.32551 0.963685 -3.41388
1979 -0.20899 -1.90371 0.193226 -2.31418 1.42253 -2.72797
1980 -0.547436 -1.91315 0.572371 -2.25455 0.92363 -2.69042
1981 -0.555593 -1.90712 0.508736 -2.28881 0.874043 -3.54037
1982 -0.911139 -1.91799 -0.173417 -2.32379 0.685128 -2.77374
1983 -0.229285 -1.89735 0.347914 -2.31169 0.942253 -3.22626
1984 -0.956313 -1.92098 -0.908382 -2.34018 0.28598 -2.99975
1985 -0.896258 -1.91805 -0.0612244 -2.32309 0.375644 -3.55195
1986 -0.339821 -1.89888 1.09485 -2.29641 0.532103 -3.54891
1987 -0.735289 -1.9085 1.05575 -2.2965 0.380416 -3.55099
1988 -0.6886 -1.90769 0.569427 -2.30858 0.391107 -3.10558
1989 -0.513726 -1.90032 1.10481 -2.29508 0.433075 -3.6297
1990 0.128258 -1.89516 -0.416677 -2.33128 0.92328 -3.10737
1991 -0.130078 -1.89717 0.184679 -2.3168 0.634112 -3.33
1992 -0.388415 -1.89919 0.786036 -2.30232 0.344945 -3.55264
1993 -0.821937 -1.91012 0.462792 -2.30869 0.401536 -3.55169
1994 -1.25546 -1.92105 0.139548 -2.31506 0.458127 -3.55075
1995 -1.46059 -1.93119 -0.658817 -2.32496 0.0391526 -3.09503
1996 -0.658342 -1.91192 0.3766 -2.31172 0.937832 -3.53935
1997 -0.591835 -1.91013 0.0680342 -2.31832 0.804505 -3.37831
1998 -0.673057 -1.91053 -0.170172 -2.32596 0.758344 -3.54396
1999 -0.80329 -1.90752 1.29548 -2.25382 0.739594 -3.26519
2000 -1.23084 -1.91371 -0.0995127 -2.31984 0.720845 -2.98642
2001 -0.524367 -1.90245 0.746292 -2.3034 0.675604 -2.99131
2002 -1.23084 -1.91371 -0.0995127 -2.31984 0.720845 -2.98642
2003 -0.524367 -1.90245 0.746292 -2.3034 0.675604 -2.99131
2004 -0.383725 -1.90306 1.10975 -2.29775 0.387685 -3.55184
2005 0.689262 -1.86771 1.6986 -2.27856 0.717588 -3.54478
2006 0.0863954 -1.8793 1.55045 -2.27974 1.33689 -2.90293
2007 -0.652996 -1.89729 0.434138 -2.30565 0.997423 -2.98404
2008 0.0716336 -1.88399 0.913277 -2.29812 0.918226 -3.27541
2009 -0.0759436 -1.8862 1.07181 -2.2923 1.30163 -3.21759
2010 -0.454212 -1.90311 0.881973 -2.30226 1.14593 -2.90767
2011 -0.708238 -1.90752 0.903011 -2.30016 0.496843 -3.54987
2012 -0.328553 -1.90515 0.725217 -2.30649 0.698075 -3.37962
2013 -0.303308 -1.89656 0.99817 -2.29701 1.05357 -2.90974
2014 -0.569005 -1.90253 0.749127 -2.30002 0.62728 -3.54611
2015 -0.351383 -1.88535 1.30817 -2.28282 0.840607 -3.37083
2016 -0.487369 -1.89086 1.05475 -2.28433 0.736331 -3.55342
2017 -0.607228 -1.90291 0.900075 -2.30011 0.516255 -3.55017
2018 -0.778203 -1.90838 1.03643 -2.29697 0.465214 -3.55063
2019 -0.620802 -1.90344 1.02366 -2.29296 0.73087 -3.46867
2020 -0.431843 -1.8956 1.29127 -2.28906 0.645791 -3.54506
2021 -0.594212 -1.89739 1.0012 -2.29581 0.751702 -3.54343
2022 -0.585954 -1.89354 0.778398 -2.28979 0.618276 -3.37683

Indian Ocean

This is an appendix to: In Search Of Ocean Heat - 13



Sector: Indian Ocean

Temperatures (deg. C):
Conservative Temperature (CT)
Ice Melt Boundary (CTf)

Depths:
epipelagic (0-200 m)
mesopelagic (201-1000 m)
bathypelagic (1001-4000 m)

Year Epi-CT Epi-CTf Meso-CT Meso-CTf Bathy-CT Bathy-CTf
1951 -1.63503 -1.97056 0.379372 -2.2341 0.162922 -2.95005
1952 -0.806349 -1.9408 0.666253 -2.28557 0.162747 -3.22591
1953 -1.63503 -1.97056 0.379372 -2.2341 0.162922 -2.95005
1954 -0.806349 -1.9408 0.666253 -2.28557 0.162747 -3.22591
1955 -0.392009 -1.92592 0.809693 -2.3113 0.16266 -3.36383
1956 0.0223318 -1.91104 0.953133 -2.33703 0.162573 -3.50176
1957 -0.731096 -1.90484 0.54637 -2.30568 0.118299 -3.55652
1958 -0.955243 -1.91608 0.320084 -2.2902 0.031137 -3.34213
1959 -0.784747 -1.9101 0.706394 -2.2744 0.104942 -3.32325
1960 -1.08556 -1.9174 0.863854 -2.28008 -0.0863956 -3.4349
1961 -1.03716 -1.90967 0.223347 -2.31227 0.391541 -3.23717
1962 -1.59696 -1.88242 0.107319 -2.31262 0.215638 -3.38591
1963 -0.887208 -1.90523 -0.00870856 -2.31296 0.039736 -3.53464
1964 -0.939305 -1.91162 -1.04816 -2.15238 0.039348 -3.48411
1965 -1.14604 -1.90451 -0.207967 -2.31917 0.0389601 -3.43358
1966 -1.17766 -1.90673 0.092517 -2.2345 0.0826777 -2.90835
1967 -0.844135 -1.90652 -0.104133 -2.31794 0.335048 -3.21479
1968 -1.11076 -1.92624 0.588324 -2.29568 0.0321792 -3.15218
1969 -0.594286 -1.90193 -0.266831 -2.32195 -0.145333 -3.332
1970 -1.21851 -1.91658 0.438034 -2.32836 0.181081 -3.29093
1971 -0.609573 -1.90276 1.01713 -2.29799 0.129832 -3.55646
1972 0.305484 -1.89046 1.0782 -2.23342 0.82509 -2.85511
1973 -0.909456 -1.90772 0.792625 -2.22515 0.184151 -3.39074
1974 -0.421818 -1.89672 0.782953 -2.30135 0.0987748 -3.55725
1975 -0.0793447 -1.8931 1.25447 -2.29222 0.381126 -3.21417
1976 -0.338783 -1.89228 0.865557 -2.35389 0.211167 -3.55108
1977 0.553485 -1.8767 1.33832 -2.29019 0.360496 -3.52667
1978 -0.0141254 -1.89577 0.901237 -2.29958 0.215678 -3.39051
1979 -0.565511 -1.9079 0.574945 -2.30676 0.143026 -3.6183
1980 -0.872129 -1.90925 0.416655 -2.30871 0.395265 -3.0192
1981 -0.335538 -1.89429 0.749346 -2.30248 0.118807 -3.55575
1982 -0.69101 -1.90887 0.676911 -2.30308 0.156088 -3.5549
1983 -0.370492 -1.89815 0.809198 -2.30051 0.0557226 -3.55713
1984 -0.577762 -1.90347 0.775523 -2.30145 0.165209 -3.55563
1985 -0.589705 -1.89995 0.577494 -2.30716 0.158135 -3.55658
1986 -0.613482 -1.90102 1.18058 -2.29364 0.100277 -3.55633
1987 -0.497873 -1.8983 1.03469 -2.2962 0.158043 -3.55536
1988 0.109254 -1.86296 1.21142 -2.29149 0.263653 -3.42909
1989 -1.46348 -1.92097 -0.0762054 -2.31757 -0.0554843 -3.24589
1990 0.110027 -1.88232 1.15862 -2.29255 0.300256 -3.55259
1991 -0.661806 -1.90915 0.406173 -2.30981 0.173623 -3.34474
1992 -0.342306 -1.8883 0.749428 -2.2974 0.112698 -3.55648
1993 -0.58937 -1.89985 0.810559 -2.28125 0.104836 -3.55637
1994 0.0726527 -1.88984 1.20585 -2.29307 0.329556 -3.55225
1995 0.210394 -1.88181 1.17725 -2.32948 0.191474 -3.60781
1996 -0.359888 -1.9002 1.07753 -2.2953 0.25741 -3.55322
1997 -1.40678 -1.92006 -1.1789 -2.32307 -1.90116 -2.79124
1998 0.0541906 -1.88494 1.51986 -2.3214 0.696636 -3.10982
1999 0.36755 -1.88805 1.3472 -2.25367 0.49362 -3.38455
2000 -0.283839 -1.90181 1.35767 -2.30136 0.658216 -3.28553
2001 -0.781176 -1.90609 0.667708 -2.30366 0.534247 -2.93319
2002 -0.802708 -1.90992 0.0380827 -2.31648 -0.102742 -3.6413
2003 -0.0496089 -1.88955 0.943536 -2.29838 0.0925541 -3.55656
2004 -0.160955 -1.89445 0.939694 -2.29701 0.272665 -3.38918
2005 -0.138352 -1.88973 0.976718 -2.29685 0.309648 -3.2874
2006 -0.582876 -1.90185 0.697396 -2.30257 0.172501 -3.5549
2007 -0.664821 -1.90727 0.996598 -2.29736 0.222209 -3.38988
2008 -0.982684 -1.90828 0.152734 -2.31404 0.175916 -3.43638
2009 -0.611758 -1.90001 1.08409 -2.29514 0.609669 -2.91874
2010 -1.0645 -1.91432 0.251093 -2.3098 0.106147 -2.99856
2011 -0.816847 -1.90933 0.565536 -2.3071 0.316252 -2.99923
2012 -0.923896 -1.90187 0.660925 -2.30071 0.446794 -2.9207
2013 -0.35366 -1.8979 0.97373 -2.29566 0.227408 -3.55365
2014 -1.11147 -1.915 0.446278 -2.30695 0.287251 -2.92452
2015 -0.665276 -1.90655 0.897594 -2.29953 0.199327 -3.39027
2016 -0.59105 -1.9041 0.873374 -2.29933 0.219069 -3.39027
2017 -0.257355 -1.89344 1.17035 -2.29297 0.461073 -2.99666
2018 -0.44125 -1.90374 0.946158 -2.3001 0.374214 -3.21632
2019 -0.499031 -1.90208 0.791905 -2.30175 0.117065 -3.55679
2020 -0.431402 -1.89845 0.876143 -2.3004 0.125312 -3.5573
2021 -0.409184 -1.88998 1.11173 -2.2896 0.25808 -3.38711
2022 -0.293128 -1.89158 1.05491 -2.29504 0.307445 -3.23899

Bellingshausen

This is an appendix to: In Search Of Ocean Heat - 13




Sector: Bellingshausen Sea

Temperatures (deg. C):
Conservative Temperature (CT)
Ice Melt Boundary (CTf)

Depths:
epipelagic (0-200 m)
mesopelagic (201-1000 m)
bathypelagic (1001-4000 m)

Year Epi-CT Epi-CTf Meso-CT Meso-CTf Bathy-CT Bathy-CTf







1951 0.370004 -1.86127 2.06583 -2.27488 1.78438 -2.92691
1952 0.501088 -1.85356 1.77247 -2.23959 1.35784 -2.92835
1953 0.632171 -1.84585 1.47911 -2.2043 1.78438 -2.92691
1954 0.763254 -1.83814 1.18574 -2.16902 1.35784 -2.92835
1955 0.894338 -1.83043 0.892383 -2.13373 1.14457 -2.92908
1956 0.296059 -1.8503 0.936555 -2.2302 0.931301 -2.9298
1957 -0.017963 -1.8652 1.33877 -2.25197 0.87775 -3.25294
1958 -0.331985 -1.8801 1.74098 -2.27374 0.824199 -3.57608
1959 -0.901573 -1.88712 0.954679 -2.13609 0.849622 -3.41709
1960 -1.10673 -1.89923 1.31216 -2.27858 0.875046 -3.25809
1961 1.31827 -1.82858 1.56303 -2.27598 1.02399 -3.25371
1962 -0.414223 -1.89204 1.81389 -2.27339 1.17293 -3.24933
1963 0.369599 -1.88472 1.88945 -2.29883 1.17 -3.59442
1964 -0.0634432 -1.88015 1.75516 -2.22078 1.04944 -3.50671
1965 0.588028 -1.86961 2.04844 -2.21304 2.11967 -2.9249
1966 0.230104 -1.91996 1.34519 -2.28372 0.893932 -3.32638
1967 0.501672 -1.85041 1.37579 -2.31017 0.80373 -3.2789
1968 0.602838 -1.87335 1.40638 -2.33661 0.713528 -3.23142
1969 1.48592 -1.8387 2.07978 -2.26513 1.44988 -3.52458
1970 -0.194895 -1.88531 1.50357 -2.22855 0.807547 -3.66849
1971 0.953624 -1.89915 1.8749 -2.33516 1.12472 -3.25145
1972 0.341544 -1.88139 0.896709 -2.171 1.11637 -3.30969
1973 0.431215 -1.8681 1.87136 -2.27203 1.10802 -3.36793
1974 0.311324 -1.871 1.80756 -2.27362 0.873903 -3.44712
1975 1.34502 -1.80765 1.67177 -2.27599 0.853358 -3.35948
1976 0.626061 -1.86547 1.86447 -2.2824 1.18159 -3.53306
1977 -0.64091 -1.90588 1.36985 -2.31875 0.735525 -3.38732
1978 -0.283621 -1.88456 1.51104 -2.25224 1.37647 -2.71882
1979 0.557408 -1.86755 1.67923 -2.29065 0.877468 -3.3375
1980 1.36116 -1.8483 2.09676 -2.31323 1.15045 -3.53342
1981 1.30822 -1.82928 1.29193 -2.27293 1.15299 -2.75959
1982 0.582048 -1.86803 1.26935 -2.28827 1.09246 -2.80692
1983 -0.101785 -1.87872 0.202434 -2.28906 0.1994 -2.86536
1984 -0.725019 -1.92095 -0.0556429 -2.29155 0.508909 -3.15148
1985 0.530473 -1.876 1.32374 -2.28995 0.818418 -3.4376
1986 -0.686219 -1.90526 0.48059 -2.34062 1.32536 -2.81607
1987 0.124595 -1.88016 0.839646 -2.27906 1.03503 -2.69065
1988 1.29607 -1.85691 0.198325 -2.17257 1.32536 -2.81607
1989 0.102162 -1.91302 1.31079 -2.29638 1.03503 -2.69065
1990 0.27402 -1.89207 1.39192 -2.33588 1.12549 -3.41399
1991 -0.752374 -1.89349 1.31566 -2.12783 1.00676 -3.47742
1992 -0.591612 -1.89115 1.58061 -2.28277 0.888037 -3.54084
1993 0.0864812 -1.87811 1.27944 -2.25589 0.772118 -3.37845
1994 -1.18263 -1.90169 0.839168 -2.30113 0.736805 -3.54372
1995 -0.339158 -1.89842 0.291761 -2.30043 0.832769 -3.77364
1996 0.300577 -1.85939 0.231355 -2.31052 0.725964 -3.44441
1997 -0.362288 -1.84705 0.675767 -2.25788 0.938267 -3.25729
1998 -0.46461 -1.88901 0.265313 -2.32366 1.15057 -3.07017
1999 -0.534803 -1.90776 0.148434 -2.25175 0.890598 -3.53024
2000 0.238049 -1.86428 1.43147 -2.32354 0.770859 -3.19348
2001 -0.983479 -1.89774 1.1487 -2.26445 0.872453 -3.10931
2002 -0.577669 -1.89842 1.05452 -2.25662 0.722802 -3.09768
2003 0.0435873 -1.87581 1.60714 -2.30715 0.728956 -3.54415
2004 0.158674 -1.87806 1.47975 -2.2782 0.755774 -3.25614
2005 0.448729 -1.81792 1.83478 -2.23214 1.13969 -3.62024
2006 1.18923 -1.84181 2.11131 -2.25322 1.05281 -3.53612
2007 -0.187526 -1.88371 1.50837 -2.28299 1.0013 -3.37387
2008 -0.359545 -1.89307 1.46177 -2.2865 0.747538 -3.38097
2009 -0.35054 -1.89431 1.2692 -2.29182 0.83845 -3.42339
2010 -0.310468 -1.89732 1.46442 -2.28564 0.949334 -3.53947
2011 0.449978 -1.87234 1.75786 -2.23969 0.864653 -3.54094
2012 0.91825 -1.86135 2.24718 -2.25864 1.9701 -2.86607
2013 -0.207294 -1.89034 1.75206 -2.27536 1.86963 -2.88939
2014 -0.309012 -1.88877 1.61356 -2.27795 1.12338 -2.90049
2015 0.083552 -1.86593 1.88657 -2.27271 1.38897 -2.98333
2016 0.721822 -1.85642 2.51483 -2.21165 1.15193 -3.22042
2017 0.527196 -1.86852 1.82246 -2.27468 1.10501 -3.19642
2018 0.160877 -1.88787 1.60034 -2.27984 0.974819 -3.37463
2019 0.565324 -1.83672 1.86735 -2.23973 1.35899 -2.94665
2020 0.188475 -1.88065 1.81913 -2.27409 1.50204 -3.02054
2021 0.320441 -1.87152 1.97147 -2.29036 1.5125 -2.89843
2022 0.728211 -1.79649 1.57324 -2.25583 1.59746 -3.00716

Amundsen

This is an appendix to: In Search Of Ocean Heat - 13






Sector: Amundsen Sea

Temperatures (deg. C):
Conservative Temperature (CT)
Ice Melt Boundary (CTf)

Depths:
epipelagic (0-200 m)
mesopelagic (201-1000 m)
bathypelagic (1001-4000 m)

Year Epi-CT Epi-CTf Meso-CT Meso-CTf Bathy-CT Bathy-CTf
1951 0.684186 -1.8738 2.18396 -2.23443 1.29025 -3.59855
1952 0.545841 -1.87544 2.13377 -2.23593 1.24258 -3.60213
1953 0.407495 -1.87709 2.08358 -2.23744 1.1949 -3.6057
1954 0.26915 -1.87873 2.0334 -2.23894 1.14723 -3.60927
1955 0.130804 -1.88037 1.98321 -2.24045 1.09956 -3.61285
1956 -0.422577 -1.88695 1.78246 -2.24646 0.908862 -3.62715
1957 0.130804 -1.88037 1.98321 -2.24045 1.09956 -3.61285
1958 -0.422577 -1.88695 1.78246 -2.24646 0.908862 -3.62715
1959 -0.224299 -1.88297 1.75507 -2.25978 0.93687 -3.67911
1960 -0.026021 -1.87899 1.72768 -2.27311 0.964879 -3.73108
1961 -1.124 -1.90676 1.29828 -2.29054 0.584709 -3.62471
1962 1.04913 -1.83484 1.21099 -2.14664 0.836884 -3.54188
1963 1.49696 -1.84468 1.1237 -2.00274 0.584709 -3.62471
1964 0.20864 -1.8796 1.75399 -2.27324 0.836884 -3.54188
1965 1.31488 -1.85234 1.85268 -2.27033 1.09213 -3.53643
1966 2.12949 -1.84545 1.98136 -2.23253 1.22232 -3.63081
1967 1.01144 -1.86499 1.84442 -2.25494 0.966896 -3.50589
1968 -0.10662 -1.88453 1.70749 -2.27735 0.711471 -3.38096
1969 -0.633269 -1.90091 1.74232 -2.28163 0.996451 -3.48468
1970 1.5481 -1.84817 2.09481 -2.35717 1.28143 -3.58839
1971 1.30788 -1.8532 2.01851 -2.3118 1.29661 -3.56044
1972 1.06765 -1.85824 1.94221 -2.26644 1.31179 -3.53249
1973 0.0553089 -1.87424 1.70852 -2.28821 1.71849 -2.71072
1974 0.0958451 -1.86681 1.84153 -2.27239 1.62729 -2.71325
1975 -0.308008 -1.88924 1.78599 -2.41249 1.6054 -2.69435
1976 -0.711862 -1.91167 1.73045 -2.55258 1.58352 -2.67544
1977 -0.741008 -1.89033 1.75364 -2.42161 1.56838 -2.71606
1978 -0.770154 -1.86899 1.77682 -2.29064 1.55324 -2.75668
1979 3.18671 -1.80632 2.07165 -2.01887 1.51597 -2.75786
1980 -0.770154 -1.86899 1.77682 -2.29064 1.4787 -2.75904
1981 3.18671 -1.80632 2.07165 -2.01887 1.44142 -2.76023
1982 1.32344 -1.85627 1.93889 -2.26769 1.40415 -2.76141
1983 0.039745 -1.87864 1.833 -2.26832 0.984259 -3.45272
1984 0.543097 -1.87269 2.11936 -2.20335 1.25823 -3.48968
1985 1.09995 -1.87624 2.16651 -2.318 1.06834 -3.34069
1986 -0.469816 -1.86628 1.6565 -2.31803 0.878443 -3.1917
1987 1.242 -1.85373 1.65771 -2.28101 1.0758 -3.61569
1988 -0.565229 -1.88305 1.58534 -2.35047 0.939287 -3.57895
1989 0.864382 -1.85538 1.72427 -2.21985 0.802773 -3.5422
1990 0.336678 -1.86819 1.8029 -2.27535 0.957043 -3.5394
1991 0.864382 -1.85538 1.72427 -2.21985 0.802773 -3.5422
1992 0.336678 -1.86819 1.8029 -2.27535 0.957043 -3.5394
1993 -0.273046 -1.88348 1.50412 -2.28218 0.799522 -3.54276
1994 -0.882769 -1.89877 1.20534 -2.28901 0.642001 -3.54612
1995 1.07895 -1.87053 2.1815 -2.21239 0.98251 -3.82616
1996 -0.28587 -1.89075 0.972353 -2.25238 0.784396 -3.38888
1997 1.07895 -1.87053 2.1815 -2.21239 0.98251 -3.82616
1998 -0.28587 -1.89075 0.972353 -2.25238 0.784396 -3.38888
1999 -0.96828 -1.90087 0.36778 -2.27238 0.68534 -3.17024
2000 -1.65069 -1.91098 -0.236794 -2.29237 0.586283 -2.9516
2001 -0.01894 -1.86499 0.937548 -2.34684 1.06996 -2.90987
2002 -1.65069 -1.91098 -0.236794 -2.29237 0.586283 -2.9516
2003 -0.01894 -1.86499 0.937548 -2.34684 1.06996 -2.90987
2004 0.796935 -1.842 1.52472 -2.37408 1.31179 -2.88901
2005 1.61281 -1.81901 2.11189 -2.40131 1.55363 -2.86815
2006 0.891319 -1.79184 2.34116 -2.22089 1.78832 -2.89281
2007 -0.628634 -1.8915 1.15855 -2.28802 0.83221 -3.22713
2008 -0.472206 -1.89079 1.49427 -2.2829 0.827639 -3.54225
2009 -0.400656 -1.88662 1.38289 -2.28442 0.906447 -3.32529
2010 -0.231676 -1.88514 1.79063 -2.27518 1.48341 -2.97395
2011 -0.284714 -1.88343 1.74 -2.27801 0.898991 -3.54015
2012 0.733473 -1.86468 1.95083 -2.26856 1.50801 -2.89845
2013 -0.185355 -1.88855 1.5738 -2.2799 1.20635 -2.90572
2014 -0.704501 -1.89617 1.29588 -2.28384 1.20327 -2.90064
2015 1.06337 -1.85731 2.17808 -2.26248 1.65998 -2.96911
2016 0.555007 -1.86448 1.87808 -2.26914 1.67418 -2.89517
2017 0.355014 -1.87287 1.72139 -2.27852 0.897667 -3.54043
2018 -0.331724 -1.88673 1.7719 -2.27768 0.883219 -3.54094
2019 0.140252 -1.8678 1.7503 -2.27276 1.33288 -2.90213
2020 -0.104383 -1.88199 1.6894 -2.27931 1.31842 -2.97671
2021 0.399482 -1.8666 2.00148 -2.26732 1.37189 -2.90062
2022 -0.176636 -1.88728 0.847996 -2.29101 1.11896 -2.9746

Wednesday, January 18, 2023

Are Viruses Alive?

Fig. 1 Abiotic or Biotic?

I. Rock And Roll

In a recent Dredd Blog post the subject of whether or not rocks are alive was discussed (On The Origin of The Containment Entity - 7).

The author of the article linked-to in that post, although not a virologist,  concluded:

"Conclusion

So trovants aren’t technically alive, this isn’t some horror movie waiting to happen. However, these rocks do change over exceptionally long periods of time.

Although not strictly alive, trovants have some characteristics of something that is living. Although not sentient, these rocks do grow and move. 

It is not surprising that they have become the stuff of myth to the locals over the centuries. They are the closest thing to living we can consider rock to be and have been around much longer than any human on the planet, thus having encountered more “life” than all of us!"

(Romania’s Enigmatic Trovants: Living Rocks That Grow and Move!). It does not take an education in virology to disassemble the myths about Trovants.

II. It Takes A Virology Education To ...

Concerning viruses, a commercial virologist had more of a problem concluding that a virus is sorta, kinda, maybe alive, depending:

"Hello everyone. I'm Vincent Racaniello and this is Virus Watch, the weekly video report, and what's happening in the amazing world of viruses. Today we're going to tackle the thorny question that always generates a lot of discussion. Are viruses alive? First we have to define life. It's not very easy to do and many people disagree on the exact definition on what is living. But we have to have a definition otherwise we can't answer the question of whether viruses are alive or not. So here we go. Something that's living should have most of these following properties: it should be composed of one or more cells; it should have homeostasis (this is the ability to regulate important properties such as pH or temperature); it should have the ability to make or generate energy; to grow and to adapt to new environments by evolution; also to respond to stimuli (like a plant moving towards light); and of course it must be able to make more of itself, to reproduce. Here's a model of a simple virus that happens to be poliovirus. The virus particle consists of a protein shell that you can see. It's this plastic shell that protects the RNA genome that's inside of it. On its own this virus particle doesn't meet any of the requirements for being alive; it's not a cell; it doesn't have homeostasis; it can't make energy; can't adapt to new environments; it can't evolve; and can't reproduce. This particle here can't do any of these things. But wait, viruses do evolve right, and they do replicate of course. So what's going on? The key is that all the things carried out by viruses happen only after the virus enters a cell." ... I define a virus as an organism with two phases."

(Virology Blog, Youtube transcript, emphasis added). Vincent Racaniello did not originally embrace the "an organism with two phases" hypothesis, or struggle with a definition:

"Viruses are not living things. Viruses are complicated assemblies of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates, but on their own they can do nothing until they enter a living cell.Without cells, viruses would not be able to multiply. Therefore, viruses are not living things."

(Virology Blog, Virology 101). So, Vincent Racaniello now has the mind of two scientists who have opposing views combined into one.

His view is a composite, a view with "two phases",  however, the "yes, viruses are alive" scientist in the following link concludes with "Alive or not, viruses are doing rather well!" (Are Viruses Alive).

The problem is not just semantic as Vince, Nigel, and David assert, because they also infer that it is a nomenclature problem (as does Dredd Blog: Good Nomenclature: A Matter of Life and Death, 2, 3).

Those three commercial scientists also use the word "organism" to refer to a virus, but that is also loosy goosy nomenclature:

"Viruses are not typically considered to be organisms because they are incapable of autonomous reproduction, growth or metabolism. Although some organisms are also incapable of independent survival and live as obligatory intracellular parasites, they are capable of independent metabolism and procreation. Although viruses have a few enzymes and molecules characteristic of living organisms, they have no metabolism of their own; they cannot synthesize and organize the organic compounds from which they are formed. Naturally, this rules out autonomous reproduction: they can only be passively replicated by the machinery of the host cell. In this sense, they are similar to inanimate matter."

(Wikipedia, Organism). Organism smorganism, alive is dead and dead is alive, "we want them dead or alive" is not only and old western wanted poster position, it is also the "take home" from the dialogue of those scientists.

III. Bifurcation Is Not Just For Bipeds Anymore

In the Dredd Blog series ("Weekend Rebel Science Excursion") the failure to keep the notion of evolution a single historical sequence was elaborated upon:

"Regular readers know that in various and sundry posts on the Dredd Blog System we have bemoaned the dearth of research within evolutionary circles concerning the subject of abiotic evolution or Abiology.

I have even done so to the point that I now encourage more scientific textbooks with the title "Abiology 101" in addition to and in contrast with "Biology 101" (see e.g. Did Abiotic Intelligence Precede Biotic Intelligence?, Putting A Face On Machine Mutation - 3).

A fair definition of Biology is:

... the science of life or living matter in all its forms and phenomena, especially with reference to origin, growth, reproduction, structure, and behavior.
(Dictionary, emphasis added). A fair definition of Abiology, then, ought to be:
... the science of non-life or non-living matter in all its forms and
phenomena, especially with reference to origin, growth, reproduction, structure, and behavior.
(see e.g. abiological). One problem or question that biologists struggle with is the art of defining life (Erwin Schrodinger, PDF), but, to be sure that arises most often inside the twilight-zone between the abiotic and the biotic realms."

 (Weekend Rebel Science Excursion - 27)., cf. If Cosmology Is "Off," How Can Biology Be "On?").

IV. Closing Comments

Nomenclature problems have caused life to become death in even high tech situations (Good Nomenclature: A Matter of Life and Death).

If we don't know the difference because of bad nomenclature, it would seem that we don't have the capacity to change it.

After billions of years, you haven't come a long way baby (How Microbes Communicate In The Tiniest Language).

Tuesday, January 17, 2023

In Search Of Ocean Heat - 12

Fig. 1 Amundsen Sea Sector
I. Background

In the previous post in this series I pointed out two papers that are falsifiable, (papers must be falsifiable to be properly composed), but these two are now falsified.

That is obviously not what the authors would have wanted, but we all make mistakes as we generate hypotheses as an attempt to discern natural events.

Anyway, in that post I did point out that, for one thing, they did not use TEOS-10 which is the international standard for seawater/oceanography research (TEOS-10 Software: Use It Or Lose It).

Fig. 2 Bellingshausen Sea Sector
A. Paper One

The first paper that I criticized alleged that the ocean was at its "hottest in the historical record" (in terms of global warming impact) in 2022.

That can't happen unless the atmospheric global warming in 2022 was the "hottest in the historical record" (which as I pointed out, it wasn't).

2022 was the 5th warmest year on record.

So, the ocean received only the 5th warmest annual amount of warming.

B. Paper Two

The second paper I criticized alleged that the west wind did such a number on the Amundsen Sea area of Antarctica that we don't have to worry about a "runaway" ice sheet melt event there.

Nay, not so.

Fig. 3 Indian Ocean Sector

II. My Criticism Continues

I did some graphs with updated WOD, SOCCOM, Woods Hole, and OMG data composed of in situ measurements.

I processed, with TEOS-10 software, that in situ data from those sources related to all the "sectors" along the coast of Antarctica, including the Amundsen Sea area.

I then generated the graphs in Fig. 1 through Fig. 6 which show that the Conservative Temperature (CT) and the ice-melt-temperature of the tidewater glacier ice, together indicate that the grounding line area of those glaciers is constantly exposed to melt conditions no matter which way the wind blows.

A previous post's appendix reveals further information about this type of graph (Appendix D). 

The "sector" of each graph equates to the geographical "area" shown on Fig. 7 as follows: Area A [West Indian Sector], Area B [East Indian Sector], Area C [Ross Sea Sector], Area D [Amundsen Sea Sector], Area E [Bellingshausen Sea Sector], and Area F [Weddell Sea Sector] (see link at Fig. 7).

III. Scientists Who Inspired My Criticism

My criticism is in accord with statements by Dr. Rignot in a "talk" he gave following his being voted into the National Academy of Sciences:

Fig. 4 Ross Sea Sector
"So let me explain to you how this works. This is the Antarctic and [the] water column in the polar ocean is organized very differently from the tropics. You don't have warm water at the top and cold water at the bottom ... it's the opposite of cold water at the top and the warm water ... is at the bottom ... you have to lower instruments very deep down close to the glaciers ... that mixture of ice and sea water [h]as a melting point of minus 2 degrees at the surface and when the water is at two kilometres [(2000 meters)] [depth] becomes minus 3.5 so THERE'S PLENTY OF  HEAT AVAILABLE TO MELT THE ICE from beneath and ESPECIALLY IN THE DEEPER PART OF THE ICE THE GROUNDING LINE where we have RATES in Antarctic APPROACHING ... 100 METER PER YEAR whereas AT THE SURFACE THE RATE OF TURNOVER IS more like A METER PER YEAR. So it's 2 ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE DIFFERENCE FROM THE TOP AND BOTTOM and by melting the ice below from below you remove a lot of basal friction in front of the grade you lose you remove a lot of basal resistance to the flow and THE GLACIERS FEEL THAT  TREMENDOUSLY MUCH MORE THAN THE FEELING OF THE SURFACE. so the heat for the Antarctic comes from the Antarctic circumpolar current which circulates clockwise and is pushed by the westerly winds and you might ask how is changing to with climate warming and is related to climate warming so what's up insignia Antarctic is that we don't have a strong snoring video feedback it's too cold to melt the snow it's not nothing very much in fact ... the
Fig. 5 Weddell Sea Sector

models don't capture the change in wind in Southern Ocean they don't capture the way that warm water is carried onto the continental shelf and wishes the glaciers if you want a model to do that you cannot run it at a hundred kilometer resolution you have to run it at a kilometer resolution and we cannot do that with global models right now ... it started doing its thing in Antarctica all the red spots here are areas of rapid change and we saw ice shafts collapse in the 1990s and 2000 in the peninsula and witness that some of the glaciers not only felt the effect of less flow resistance in front of them they sped up by a factor three to eight in response to that now if you do a fall experiment and do this all around the Antarctic and collapse all these are shafts and say for that you speed up the gracious by a factor six point five you raise sea level by four meters per century and four meters per century it was exactly the rate that was observed for several century during meltwater pass one day fourteen thousand years ago when a lot of the ice sheets in the northern a sphere fell apart in some parts of Antarctica as well so it's not completely realistic to see that because it's happening in the Antarctic Peninsula we paid a lot of attention also in the
Fig. 6 W. Pacific Sector

Western Antarctic Ice Sheet sector in the Pine Island and Thwaites glacier this glacier is a hundred and twenty kilometers wide all of these glaciers feel the effect of more warm water they are spinning up by 75% they are retreating at one to two kilometers per year there's not a single glacier on the face of the earth in Alaska alpine landscape or Himalaya battery trees that bizrate these are the fastest retreating glaciers on the face of the earth but you wouldn't see it with a naked eye because it's happening a kilometer below the surface you can see it with satellite techniques another glacier that I got attention is Totten glacier this is a single glacier in East Antarctica which holds 3.5 meter sea level rise you don't want to teach that one but it's already showing sign of mass loss and filling and in 2016 an Australian expedition found the presence of warm water in front that explains what the glacier is doing what it's doing right now so we are on the
Fig. 7 Areas A-F

trajectory of a metre [of SLC] per century  ... DAMAGE doesn't take place with multi meter sea level rise it STARTS WITH ONE METER [OF] SEA LEVEL RISE. We have a lot of people living within a meter of sea level rise [and] a lot of infrastructure. San Francisco doesn't have an airport with one meter sea level rise so we have to communicate this risk and one of the difficulty when we talk about the polar regions and sea level rise is that THE [SCIENTIFIC] COMMUNITY TENDS TO BE CONSERVATIVE IF YOU'RE CONSERVATIVE YOU LOOK LIKE A BETTER SCIENTIST THAN IF YOU ACTUALLY TELL THE FACTS THAT ARE PRETTY SCARY ... sometimes we will have to move or to protect some people will be able to protect some people will have to move and it's coming with all kinds of issues because the poor populations will be affected the most and you can have massive immigration from climate change instead of violence as we experiment in today my last slide so what can we do instead of the band-aid solution which is to adapt which we'll have to do anyway is to unplug the experiment before the patient dies and avoid a commitment to multi level sea level rise and and I think that that commitment is not way ahead of us I think we have right here we already unplug a lot of the systems ... we're looking for is a world informed by science instead of Twitter ..."

(See video below for the audio/visual ... the Youtube software translated it, I added some emphasis). 

What Dr. Rignot said was in total agreement with Dr. Hansen who was quoted in the previous post of this series.

IV. Closing Comments

The movie Don't Look Up explains the dynamics we have inherited from the Bernays Era.

But Don't Look Down is the propaganda reality we are living with, and that is not a comedy.

There is a constant suicidal "look over there" discord that prevents a proper response to the "pretty scary" dynamics of our time (How To Identify The Despotic Minority - 14).

The next post in this series is here, the previous post in this series is here.





Monday, January 16, 2023

In Search Of Ocean Heat - 11

Fig. 1 Who's on first

I. Background

There is some contrast among the statements of impact that atmospheric warming has on oceanic warming:

"In 2022, the world’s oceans, as given by OHC, were again the hottest in the historical record and exceeded the previous 2021 record maximum."

(Another Year of Record Heat for the Oceans, Cheng et al. 2023, emphasis added).


"Earth's average surface temperature in 2022 tied with 2015 as the fifth warmest on record, according to an analysis by NASA. "

NASA Says 2022 Fifth Warmest Year on Record, Warming Trend Continues

There is quite a difference between first place and fifth place (Fig. 1), so what does the difference in the two contrasting sources mean?

II. Various Reasons

I don't know, but the general scientific understanding is that about 90-93% of global warming that takes place in the atmosphere flows into the oceans (Wikipedia, IUCN).

That would mean, at first blush, that in 2022 the oceans received the fifth most global warming induced heat, and that another year received the most.

I do know that the paper Cheng et al. 2023 (linked-to above) does not use the international standard (TEOS-10) for calculating ocean heat content (Wikipedia).

Improper nomenclature and practice has been removed by those who use TEOS-10:

"Here, we are concerned with issues related to the properties of seawater that have only recently been widely recognized because of research resulting in the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10). These issues mean that the intercomparison of different models, and comparison with ocean observations, needs to be undertaken with care.

In particular, it is widely recognized that the traditional measure of heat content per unit mass in the ocean (with respect to an arbitrary reference state), the so-called potential temperature, is not a conservative variable (McDougall, 2003). Hence, the time change in potential temperature at a point in space is not determined solely by the convergence of the potential temperature flux at that point. Furthermore, the non-conservative nature of potential temperature means that the potential temperature of a mixture of water masses is not the mass average of the initial potential temperatures since potential temperature is “produced” or “destroyed” by mixing within the ocean’s interior. This empirical fact is an inherent property of seawater (e.g. McDougall, 2003; Graham and McDougall, 2013), so treating potential temperature as a conservative tracer (as well as making certain other assumptions related to the modelling of heat and salt) results in contradictions, which have been built into most numerical ocean models to varying degrees

These contradictions have existed since the beginning of numerical ocean modelling but have generally been ignored or overlooked because many other oceanographic and numerical factors were of greater concern. However, as global heat budgets and their imbalances are now a critical factor in understanding climate changes, it is important to examine the consequences of these assumptions and perhaps correct them even at the cost of introducing problems elsewhere. These concerns are particularly important when heat budgets are being compared between different models and with similar calculations made with observed conditions in the real ocean."

(The interpretation of temperature and salinity variables in numerical ocean model output and the calculation of heat fluxes and heat content, McDougall, emphasis added). There are TEOS-10 manuals and software available to Cheng et al. and everyone else:

"This document describes the International Thermodynamic Equation Of Seawater – 2010 (TEOS-10 for short). TEOS-10 defines the thermodynamic properties of seawater, of ice Ih, and of humid air, and has been adopted by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission at its 25 th Assembly in June 2009, replacing EOS-80 as the official description of seawater and ice properties in marine science." 

(TEOS-10 Manual, emphasis added). When a non-standard is used the results have, historically, ended up with some degree of confusion.

III. Some TEOS-10 Results

The conclusion of Cheng et al. 2023 in its broadest sense, which is that the oceans continue to warm at a dangerous pace, is entirely correct, even though the specifics that scientists use for minute detail is not.

In today's Appendices (Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C, Appendix D) I present graphs concerning Antarctica that were generated using the C++ TEOS-10 library (available at the TEOS-10 website here).

IV. Content of The Appendices

The depths featured today are Pelagic depths:

epipelagic (0-200m)
mesopelagic (201-1000 m)
bathypelagic (1001-4000m)
abyssopelagic (4001-5500m)
hadopelagic (5501-6000m)

(See In Search Of Ocean Heat - 7). The World Ocean Database (WOD) uses a 33 level depth system, so I converted the 33 levels into pelagic levels for viewing purposes (95 or so percent of the data used is WOD, the rest is SOCCOM, Woods Hole, and OMG.

Appendix A shows graphs of Antarctica (Sectors A,B,C,D,E and F); the data types are Conservative Temperature (CT), Potential Enthalpy (Ho), and Photon Count (mol).

CT and Ho are explained by Dr. McDougall in the paper above ("The interpretation of temperature and salinity variables in numerical ocean model output and the calculation of heat fluxes and heat content").

Appendix B shows ice melt in terms of gigatons. 

Appendix C shows the temperature at which ice melts (TEOS-10 calculations) as well as the temperature of the seawater touching or in 1 meter proximity to the glacier. 

Appendix D shows the same as Appendix C but has more detail explaining the graph's lines.

V. Closing Comments

The grounding lines in the sectors total about 53,239 km in length (7,446 km, 6,724 km, 12,694 km, 8,594 km 3,814 km, and 13,967 km).

That length changes in small percentages of increase and decrease as the tidewater glaciers melt, calve, and flow into the Southern Ocean.

But all along that length the ice is being melted at various rates because the ambient seawater is above the melting point of the ice (Appendix C, D).

Papers that ignore these realities, such as Inter-decadal climate variability induces differential ice response along Pacific-facing West Antarctica leaning on aforementioned models ("We attribute this to ... suppression of westerly winds in the Amundsen Sea, which reduced warm water inflow to the Amundsen Sea Embayment ... Thus, model projections accounting for regionally resolved ice-ocean-atmosphere interactions will be important for predicting accurately the short-term evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.").

The authors Christie et al. are following the same pattern Hansen et al. have warned about for decades:

"I suspect the existence of what I call the `John Mercer effect'. Mercer (1978) suggested that global warming from burning of fossil fuels could lead to disastrous disintegration of the West Antarctic ice sheet, with a sea level rise of several meters worldwide. This was during the era when global warming was beginning to get attention from the United States Department of Energy and other science agencies. I noticed that scientists who disputed Mercer, suggesting that his paper was alarmist, were treated as being more authoritative.

It was not obvious who was right on the science, but it seemed to me, and I believe to most scientists, that the scientists preaching caution and downplaying the dangers of climate change fared better in receipt of research funding. Drawing attention to the dangers of global warming may or may not have helped increase funding for relevant scientific areas, but it surely did not help individuals like Mercer who stuck their heads out. I could vouch for that from my own experience. After I published a paper (Hansen et al 1981) that described likely climate effects of fossil fuel use, the Department of Energy reversed a decision to fund our research, specifically highlighting and criticizing aspects of that paper at a workshop in Coolfont, West Virginia and in publication (MacCracken 1983).

I believe there is a pressure on scientists to be conservative. Papers are accepted for publication more readily if they do not push too far and are larded with caveats. Caveats are essential to science, being born in skepticism, which is essential to the process of investigation and verification. But there is a question of degree. A tendency for `gradualism' as new evidence comes to light may be ill-suited for communication, when an issue with a short time fuse is concerned."

 (The Warming Science Commentariat - 12, quoting Dr. James Hansen). As Dr. Rignot points out in the video below, the melt that matters is taking place 1000-2000 meters  below the ocean surface at the grounding line.

The next post in this series is here, the previous post in this series is here.